कार्ल मार्क्स
मार्क्स के अनुसार, आर्थिक परिस्थितियाँ विचारों और राजनीति को आकार देती हैं, इतिहास वर्ग-संघर्ष से चलता है, और पूँजीवाद श्रमिकों का शोषण करता है और उसे पार करना होगा।
पृष्ठभूमि
इतिहास वर्ग-संघर्षों का इतिहास है: राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था और पूँजी की आलोचना।
मुख्य विचार
- ऐतिहासिक भौतिकवाद
- अलगाव
- अधिशेष मूल्य
- वर्ग-संघर्ष
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Capital I (1867) Marx praised Aristotle’s analysis of the value form in exchange and traced its limit, missing labour as the substance of value, to Greek slavery. K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on the form of value; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book V; SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
एपिकुरुस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Marx’s doctoral dissertation (1841) defended Epicurus’ swerve of the atoms against Democritus’ determinism, reading it as the principle of the freedom of self-consciousness. K. Marx, Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie (dissertation, Jena 1841; printed 1902); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एपिकुरुस › 341–270 ईसा पूर्व
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Capital I (1867) Marx quoted the Fable of the Bees, calling Mandeville an upright man with a clear mind who saw that wealth rests on the labouring poor. K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on the general law of capitalist accumulation; B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (1714)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
एडम फर्ग्यूसन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Marx cited Ferguson on the crippling effects of the division of labour (Essay on the History of Civil Society, 1767) in Capital I (1867), calling him Smith’s teacher. K. Marx, Misère de la philosophie (1847); Das Kapital I (1867), on the division of labour in manufacture; A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम फर्ग्यूसन › 1723–1816
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
In a letter to his father (1837) Marx described building a philosophy of law on the idealism of Kant and Fichte before he turned to Hegel. K. Marx, letter to Heinrich Marx, 10–11 November 1837 (MEW Ergänzungsband 1; MECW 1)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
आउगुस्त चेशकोव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
Whether Marx read Cieszkowski’s Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (1838) is disputed; its ‘philosophy of the deed’ is usually traced to him through Moses Hess and the Young Hegelians. A. Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (1838); N. Lobkowicz, Theory and Practice (1967); D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (1969)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आउगुस्त चेशकोव्स्की › 1814–1894
निकोलाई चेर्निशेव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित
Marx praised Chernyshevsky’s critique of Mill (Capital, afterword 1873) and discussed his question whether Russia could reach socialism through the peasant commune (letter of 1877). K. Marx, Das Kapital I, afterword to the 2nd ed. (1873); letter to the editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski (1877, unsent); T. Shanin, Late Marx and the Russian Road (1983)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकोलाई चेर्निशेव्स्की › 1828–1889
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 73
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
After Marx’s death Engels edited Capital II (1885) and III (1894) from the manuscripts and credited the materialist conception of history mainly to Marx (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), III (ed. Engels, 1894); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स › 1820–1895
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Search for a Method (1957) and Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960) Sartre called Marxism the philosophy of our time, seeking to ground it in individual praxis. J.-P. Sartre, Questions de méthode (1957); Critique de la raison dialectique I (1960); SEP “Jean-Paul Sartre”
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र › 1905–1980
क्लोद लेवी-स्त्रोस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lévi-Strauss counted Marxism among his ‘three mistresses’ (1955) and called his work a contribution to the theory of superstructures, barely sketched by Marx (La pensée sauvage, 1962). C. Lévi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques (1955); La pensée sauvage (1962)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
क्लोद लेवी-स्त्रोस › 1908–2009
जॉन राल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rawls took up Marx’s objection that liberal rights are merely formal, answering with the fair value of political liberties and property-owning democracy (Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 2001). J. Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001), § 52; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Marx
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Habermas set out to reconstruct historical materialism, separating the development of productive forces from that of normative structures (Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus, 1976). J. Habermas, Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus (1976); Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968)
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
जाक देरिदा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Derrida claimed a certain spirit of Marx’s critique as an inheritance while reading Marx’s own wish to exorcise ghosts against him (Spectres de Marx, 1993). J. Derrida, Spectres de Marx (1993)
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
सभी दिखाएँ (73)कम दिखाएँ
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Labriola’s In memoria del Manifesto dei comunisti (1895) read Marx’s historical materialism as a method for studying history through its mediations, not as a doctrine of economic laws. A. Labriola, In memoria del Manifesto dei comunisti (1895); Del materialismo storico (1896)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला › 1843–1904
फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Tönnies drew his type of Gesellschaft partly from Marx’s Capital, as a society of exchange and commodity production, and later wrote Marx: Leben und Lehre (1921). F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Marx. Leben und Lehre (1921)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस › 1855–1936
ज्यार्जी प्लेखानोव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Plekhanov translated the Communist Manifesto into Russian (1882, with a preface by Marx and Engels) and applied Marx’s analysis to Russian capitalism against the Narodniks (Our Differences, 1885). K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, Russian tr. G. Plekhanov (1882); G. Plekhanov, Naši raznoglasija (1885); S. H. Baron, Plekhanov (1963)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज्यार्जी प्लेखानोव › 1856–1918
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Simmel wanted to build ‘a storey beneath historical materialism’, tracing economic forms themselves to psychological and metaphysical preconditions (Philosophie des Geldes, 1900, preface). G. Simmel, Philosophie des Geldes (1900), preface; D. Frisby, Georg Simmel (1984)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
वेर्नर ज़ोम्बार्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sombart’s early lectures on socialism and Modern Capitalism engage Marx closely, yet explain the origin of capitalism through a changed mentality rather than class relations. Deutsche Biographie, “Sombart, Werner” (F. Lenger, NDB 24, 2010)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वेर्नर ज़ोम्बार्ट › 1863–1941
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Du Bois used Marxist categories in Black Reconstruction (1935), reading the flight of the enslaved from plantations as a ‘general strike’ against slavery. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935); “Marxism and the Negro Problem”, The Crisis 40 (1933); SEP “W. E. B. Du Bois”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस › 1868–1963
अलेक्सांद्रा कोल्लोन्ताई
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Following Marx’s class analysis, Kollontai held that working women’s emancipation required abolishing private property, not equal rights within bourgeois society (The Social Basis of the Woman Question, 1909). A. Kollontai, Social’nye osnovy ženskogo voprosa (1909); B. Evans Clements, Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्सांद्रा कोल्लोन्ताई › 1872–1952
जोवान्नी जेंतीले
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Philosophy of Marx (1899) Gentile read Marx’s praxis in the Theses on Feuerbach as the unity of thinking and doing, later central to his actualism. G. Gentile, La filosofia di Marx (1899); H. S. Harris, The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile (1960)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जोवान्नी जेंतीले › 1875–1944
ओटो न्यूरथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Neurath treated Marx’s historical materialism as a model of empirical, anti-metaphysical sociology (Empirische Soziologie, 1931) and argued for a planned economy calculated in kind (1919). O. Neurath, Durch die Kriegswirtschaft zur Naturalwirtschaft (1919); Empirische Soziologie (1931); SEP “Otto Neurath”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ओटो न्यूरथ › 1882–1945
जॉर्ज लुकाच
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lukács built his theory of reification on Marx’s account of commodity fetishism, extending it to bureaucracy, law and thought (‘Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat’, 1923). G. Lukács, “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, in Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉर्ज लुकाच › 1885–1971
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
वाल्टर बेन्यामीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Benjamin read the Paris arcades through Marx’s commodity fetishism as phantasmagoria (‘Paris, the Capital of the Nineteenth Century’, 1935) and joined historical materialism with messianism (1940). W. Benjamin, “Paris, die Hauptstadt des XIX. Jahrhunderts” (exposé, 1935); “Über den Begriff der Geschichte” (1940); SEP “Walter Benjamin”
वाल्टर बेन्यामीन › 1892–1940
कार्ल मानहाइम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mannheim started from Marx’s thesis that thought is shaped by social being, widening the ‘total’ concept of ideology to all positions, including Marxism’s own (Ideologie und Utopie, 1929). K. Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (1929); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (1859), preface; SEP “Ideology”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मानहाइम › 1893–1947
ख़ोसे कार्लोस मारियातेगी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mariátegui applied Marx’s method to Peru, treating the ‘problem of the Indian’ as a problem of land, not of race or education (Siete ensayos, 1928). J. C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (1928), “El problema del indio”; Defensa del marxismo (1928–29)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे कार्लोस मारियातेगी › 1894–1930
मैक्स होर्कहाइमर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Horkheimer took Marx’s critique of political economy as the model of a ‘critical theory’ of society, as opposed to traditional theory (‘Traditional and Critical Theory’, 1937). M. Horkheimer, “Traditionelle und kritische Theorie”, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 6 (1937); SEP “Critical Theory”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मैक्स होर्कहाइमर › 1895–1973
लिव वाइगोत्सकी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Vygotsky held that psychology needed its own ‘Capital’, a methodology built on Marx’s method rather than on quotations (Istoričeskij smysl psichologičeskogo krizisa, written 1927, publ. 1982). L. S. Vygotsky, Istoričeskij smysl psichologičeskogo krizisa (written 1927; publ. 1982), Eng. “The Historical Meaning of the Crisis in Psychology” (1997); R. van der Veer and J. Valsiner, Understanding Vygotsky (1991)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लिव वाइगोत्सकी › 1896–1934
नॉरबर्ट एलियास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Elias valued Marx’s study of long-term social development but rejected the primacy of the economy, setting monopolies of violence and taxation beside it (Was ist Soziologie?, 1970). N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970); Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नॉरबर्ट एलियास › 1897–1990
हर्बर्ट मार्कूज़े
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Marcuse reviewed the newly printed Paris Manuscripts in 1932, reading them as a philosophical foundation of historical materialism centred on labour and alienation. H. Marcuse, “Neue Quellen zur Grundlegung des Historischen Materialismus”, Die Gesellschaft 9 (1932); K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
हर्बर्ट मार्कूज़े › 1898–1979
एरिक फ़्रॉम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Marx’s Concept of Man (1961), which printed the Paris Manuscripts in English, Fromm presented Marx as a humanist whose aim was to overcome alienation. E. Fromm, Marx’s Concept of Man (1961), with the Paris Manuscripts tr. T. B. Bottomore
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एरिक फ़्रॉम › 1900–1980
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Adorno took up Marx’s analysis of commodity exchange and read the exchange principle, which makes unlike things equal, as the social model of identity thinking (Negative Dialectics, 1966). T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialektik (1966); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो › 1903–1969
लेओपोल्ड सदर सेंघोर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Senghor read the young Marx as a humanist and adapted his socialism to African communal traditions, rejecting class struggle and atheism (Nation et voie africaine du socialisme, 1961). L. S. Senghor, “Marxisme et humanisme”, La Revue socialiste 19 (1948); Nation et voie africaine du socialisme (1961)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेओपोल्ड सदर सेंघोर › 1906–2001
सिमोन द बोव्वार
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Beauvoir ended Le Deuxième Sexe (1949) with Marx’s sentence that the relation of man to woman is the immediate, natural, necessary relation of human to human (1844 Manuscripts). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe II (1949), conclusion; K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (1844)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिमोन द बोव्वार › 1908–1986
क्वामे एन्क्रूमाह
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Nkrumah adopted Marx’s class analysis late, arguing that African societies are divided by class and that an African bourgeoisie is allied with neocolonialism (Class Struggle in Africa, 1970). K. Nkrumah, Class Struggle in Africa (1970); Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (1965)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्वामे एन्क्रूमाह › 1909–1972
एमे सेज़ेर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Césaire tied colonialism to capitalist Europe in Marxist terms (Discours sur le colonialisme, 1950) but refused to subsume colonial questions under class (Lettre à Maurice Thorez, 1956). A. Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme (1950); Lettre à Maurice Thorez (1956)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमे सेज़ेर › 1913–2008
रोलां बार्थ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Barthes based Mythologies (1957) on Marx’s critique of ideology: myth is depoliticised speech that turns the bourgeois order’s history into nature. R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957), “Le mythe, aujourd’hui”
रोलां बार्थ › 1915–1980
क्लॉडिया जोन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Claudia Jones analysed the “superexploitation” of Black women as workers, as Black people and as women in Marxist terms, as a member and theorist of the Communist Party. C. Jones, “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman!”, Political Affairs (June 1949); C. Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्लॉडिया जोन्स › 1915–1964
सी. राइट मिल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mills used Marx’s class analysis but replaced ‘ruling class’ with ‘power elite’ to stress institutional power (The Power Elite, 1956), and presented Marx critically in The Marxists (1962). C. W. Mills, The Power Elite (1956); The Marxists (1962)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सी. राइट मिल्स › 1916–1962
लुई अल्थुसर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations, claiming an ‘epistemological break’ around 1845 between the young Marx of alienation and the science of Capital (For Marx, 1965). L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
लुई अल्थुसर › 1918–1990
पाउलो फ्रेइरे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Freire took from Marx praxis as the unity of reflection and action and cited his thesis that the educator must be educated (Pedagogia do oprimido, written 1968). P. Freire, Pedagogia do oprimido (written 1968); K. Marx, Thesen über Feuerbach (1845)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पाउलो फ्रेइरे › 1921–1997
रेमंड विलियम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Williams reworked Marx’s base and superstructure from the 1859 Preface, treating culture as material production rather than reflection (‘Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory’, 1973). R. Williams, “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory”, New Left Review I/82 (1973); Marxism and Literature (1977)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेमंड विलियम्स › 1921–1988
अमिल्कार काब्राल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cabral reworked Marx’s theory of history: its motor is the productive forces, so peoples without classes are not outside history (‘The Weapon of Theory’, Havana, 1966). A. Cabral, “The Weapon of Theory”, address to the Tricontinental Conference, Havana (1966), in Revolution in Guinea (1969)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अमिल्कार काब्राल › 1924–1973
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
A Marxist sociologist in Warsaw, Bauman kept Marx’s critique of the present but read socialism as an ‘active utopia’, not a historical necessity (Socialism: The Active Utopia, 1976). Z. Bauman, Socialism: The Active Utopia (1976); K. Tester, The Social Thought of Zygmunt Bauman (2004); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन › 1925–2017
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Fanon held that ‘Marxist analysis should always be slightly stretched’ in the colonies, where the peasantry, not the proletariat, is revolutionary (Les Damnés de la terre, 1961). F. Fanon, Les Damnés de la terre (1961); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Smith took from The German Ideology the method of beginning from actual people and their activities, treating knowledge as part of the ‘relations of ruling’ (1987, 1990). D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic (1987); The Conceptual Practices of Power (1990); K. Marx and F. Engels, Die deutsche Ideologie (written 1845–46, printed 1932)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ › 1926–2022
कारेल कोसिक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kosík took Marx’s concept of praxis as the human being’s self-creation and read the fetishised everyday world as ‘pseudo-concrete’ (Dialectics of the Concrete, 1963). K. Kosík, Dialektika konkrétního (1963); L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कारेल कोसिक › 1926–2003
गायो पेत्रोविच
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Petrović read Marx, above all the early manuscripts, as a philosopher of praxis, free creative activity, against Stalinist dialectical materialism (Marx in the Mid-Twentieth Century, 1967). G. Petrović, Marx in the Mid-Twentieth Century (1967); L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गायो पेत्रोविच › 1927–1993
गुस्तावो गुतिएरेज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gutiérrez used Marxist social analysis and dependency theory to read poverty as structural injustice, a use the Vatican criticised in 1984 (Teología de la liberación, 1971). G. Gutiérrez, Teología de la liberación: Perspectivas (1971); Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Libertatis nuntius (1984)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गुस्तावो गुतिएरेज़ › 1928–2024
अनीबाल किहानो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Quijano started from Marxist dependency theory but held that Eurocentric historical materialism misses race as a basis of the colonial division of labour (‘Colonialidad del poder’, 2000). A. Quijano, “Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina”, in E. Lander (ed.), La colonialidad del saber (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अनीबाल किहानो › 1928–2018
पीटर एल. बर्गर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
With Luckmann, Berger took over Marx’s dialectic of humans producing a world that confronts them as objective, and his concept of reification (The Social Construction of Reality, 1966). P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966); P. L. Berger and S. Pullberg, “Reification and the Sociological Critique of Consciousness”, History and Theory 4 (1965)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर एल. बर्गर › 1929–2017
आग्नेश हेलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Theory of Need in Marx (1974/76) Heller drew from Marx the concept of ‘radical needs’ that capitalism produces but cannot satisfy. A. Heller, La teoria dei bisogni in Marx (1974), Eng. tr. The Theory of Need in Marx (1976)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आग्नेश हेलर › 1929–2019
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
MacIntyre began as a Marxist critic of liberal society (Marxism: An Interpretation, 1953) and kept Marx’s critique of capitalism after his turn to Aristotle (After Virtue, 1981). A. MacIntyre, Marxism: An Interpretation (1953); Marxism and Christianity (1968); After Virtue (1981); K. Knight (ed.), The MacIntyre Reader (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
पियरे बूर्दियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Bourdieu widened Marx’s concept of capital beyond economics to cultural, social and symbolic capital, whose unequal distribution and conversion structure social space (1983; ‘The Forms of Capital’, 1986). P. Bourdieu, “Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital” (1983); “The Forms of Capital” (1986); La Distinction (1979)
पियरे बूर्दियो › 1930–2002
ली ज़ेहोउ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Li Zehou took from Marx the primacy of material practice, above all making and using tools, as the ground of his anthropo-historical ontology (Pipan zhexue de pipan, 1979). Li Zehou, Pipan zhexue de pipan (1979); J. S. Rošker, Following His Own Path: Li Zehou and Contemporary Chinese Philosophy (2019)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ली ज़ेहोउ › 1930–2021
स्टुअर्ट हॉल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In a close reading of Marx’s 1857 Introduction (1974) Hall derived a non-reductive method of articulation; later he sought a ‘Marxism without guarantees’ (‘The Problem of Ideology’, 1983). S. Hall, “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies 6 (1974); “The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees” (1983)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
स्टुअर्ट हॉल › 1932–2014
अंतोनियो नेग्री
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In seminars at the École normale supérieure published as Marx beyond Marx (1979), Negri read the Grundrisse as a theory of the antagonistic subjectivity of living labour. A. Negri, Marx oltre Marx. Quaderno di lavoro sui Grundrisse (1979)
अंतोनियो नेग्री › 1933–2023
एनरिके दुसेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dussel read Marx’s manuscripts closely, finding in living labour an exteriority to capital like the Other of liberation ethics (La producción teórica de Marx, 1985). E. Dussel, La producción teórica de Marx (1985); Hacia un Marx desconocido (1988); El último Marx (1990)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एनरिके दुसेल › 1934–2023
सैंड्रा हार्डिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Harding modelled the feminist standpoint on Marx’s analysis of how a social position, that of labour, enables knowledge hidden from the ruling class (Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 1991). S. Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women’s Lives (1991); The Science Question in Feminism (1986); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सैंड्रा हार्डिंग › 1935–2025
एंथनी गिडेंस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Giddens kept Marx’s dictum that people make history, though not under conditions of their own choosing, but rejected his evolutionism (A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, 1981). A. Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (1981); The Constitution of Society (1984); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एंथनी गिडेंस › जन्म 1938
आर्ली रसेल हॉक्सचाइल्ड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hochschild opened The Managed Heart (1983) with Marx’s child worker in Capital: as factory work estranged workers from their labour, emotional labour can estrange them from their feelings. A. R. Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (1983); K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर्ली रसेल हॉक्सचाइल्ड › जन्म 1940
कारातानी कोजिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Karatani read Marx’s value-form analysis as a transcritique of capital and later recast history as modes of exchange rather than of production (The Structure of World History, 2010). Karatani Kōjin, Transcritique: On Kant and Marx (2001; Eng. 2003); Sekaishi no kōzō (2010), tr. M. K. Bourdaghs, The Structure of World History (2014)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कारातानी कोजिन › जन्म 1941
सिल्विया फ़ेडेरीची
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Caliban and the Witch (2004) Federici took up Marx’s primitive accumulation and argued that it also required unpaid reproductive labour and control over women’s bodies. S. Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation (2004); K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिल्विया फ़ेडेरीची › जन्म 1942
वाल्टर रॉडनी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rodney wrote How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972) from the standpoint of historical materialism, treating underdevelopment as part of the history of capitalist expansion. W. Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (1972); “Tanzanian Ujamaa and Scientific Socialism”, African Review 1/4 (1972)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वाल्टर रॉडनी › 1942–1980
गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पीवाक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Spivak read Marx’s distinction between political representation (vertreten) and portrayal (darstellen) in The Eighteenth Brumaire against Foucault and Deleuze (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); “Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value”, Diacritics 15 (1985); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पीवाक › जन्म 1942
उलरिक़ बेक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Beck set the risk society against Marx’s class society: where industrial modernity distributed wealth, reflexive modernity also distributes risks, and individualisation yields a ‘capitalism without classes’ (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (1986); “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?” (1983)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
उलरिक़ बेक › 1944–2015
रेविन कॉनेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Connell began with Marxist class analysis of Australia’s ruling class and its cultural hegemony (Ruling Class, Ruling Culture, 1977), before extending structural analysis of power to gender. R. W. Connell, Ruling Class, Ruling Culture (1977); R. W. Connell and T. H. Irving, Class Structure in Australian History (1980); Gender and Power (1987)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेविन कॉनेल › जन्म 1944
एंजेला डेविस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Women, Race & Class (1981) Davis analysed slavery and domestic labour in Marxist terms, arguing that socialising housework could free working-class women. A. Y. Davis, Women, Race & Class (1981), “The Approaching Obsolescence of Housework: A Working-Class Perspective”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एंजेला डेविस › जन्म 1944
डोना हैरावे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Haraway wrote her cyborg myth as an ironic politics ‘faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism’, recasting the analysis of labour for technoscience (‘A Cyborg Manifesto’, 1985). D. Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s”, Socialist Review 80 (1985); Simians, Cyborgs, and Women (1991)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोना हैरावे › जन्म 1944
ग्योस्ता एस्पिंग-एंडरसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Esping-Andersen took from Marx the commodification of labour power, which ties workers’ livelihood to the market, as what social rights can counteract (Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, 1990). G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1990); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ग्योस्ता एस्पिंग-एंडरसन › जन्म 1947
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Fraser extended Marx’s move into the ‘hidden abode’ of production to capitalism’s background conditions: social reproduction, nature and political power (‘Behind Marx’s Hidden Abode’, 2014). N. Fraser, “Behind Marx’s Hidden Abode: For an Expanded Conception of Capitalism”, New Left Review 86 (2014); Cannibal Capitalism (2022)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नैन्सी फ़्रेज़र › जन्म 1947
सास्किया सासेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sassen asked whether advanced capitalism produces a systemic equivalent of Marx’s primitive accumulation, a ‘savage sorting’ that expels people, land and economies (2010; Expulsions, 2014). S. Sassen, “A Savage Sorting of Winners and Losers: Contemporary Versions of Primitive Accumulation”, Globalizations 7 (2010); Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (2014)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सास्किया सासेन › जन्म 1947
दिपेश चक्रवर्ती
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Chakrabarty took from Marx’s Grundrisse the history posited by capital (‘History 1’) and set against it pasts not belonging to capital’s life-process (‘History 2’) (Provincializing Europe, 2000). D. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (2000); K. Marx, Grundrisse (1857–58; publ. 1939–41)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दिपेश चक्रवर्ती › जन्म 1948
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Žižek read Marx’s formula ‘they do not know it, but they are doing it’ as locating ideology in practice, not belief (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on the fetish character of the commodity
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक › जन्म 1949
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mills wrote his doctorate on ideology in Marx and Engels (1985) and adapted historical materialism to race as a system of domination (From Class to Race, 2003). C. W. Mills, From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (2003); The Racial Contract (1997)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स › 1951–2021
सैली हैस्लैंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Haslanger revived ideology critique in the tradition going back to Marx, treating ideology as networks of social meanings that make unjust practices seem natural (‘Culture and Critique’, 2017). S. Haslanger, “Culture and Critique”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. vol. 91 (2017); Resisting Reality (2012)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सैली हैस्लैंगर › जन्म 1955
हार्टमुट रोज़ा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rosa tied social acceleration to capitalism’s compulsion to grow and recast alienation as a mute, indifferent relation to the world (Alienation and Acceleration, 2010). H. Rosa, Beschleunigung (2005); Alienation and Acceleration (2010); Resonanz (2016); SEP “Alienation”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हार्टमुट रोज़ा › जन्म 1965
राहेल येगी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Jaeggi reconstructed the concept of alienation from Marx and others without an essentialist human nature, as a ‘relation of relationlessness’ (Entfremdung, 2005). R. Jaeggi, Entfremdung. Zur Aktualität eines sozialphilosophischen Problems (2005); SEP “Alienation”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
राहेल येगी › जन्म 1966
ग्लेन सीन कोल्थर्ड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Coulthard reworked Marx’s primitive accumulation in a place-based way: in settler colonies the decisive relation is the ongoing dispossession of land, not the making of wage labour (2014). G. S. Coulthard, Red Skin, White Masks (2014); K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on so-called primitive accumulation
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ग्लेन सीन कोल्थर्ड › जन्म 1974
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 27
मैक्स वेबर जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Weber generalised Marx’s separation of workers from the means of production to administration, the army and science, as a mark of bureaucratic modernity (‘Politik als Beruf’, 1919). M. Weber, “Politik als Beruf” (1919); “Wissenschaft als Beruf” (1919); Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1921–22); SEP “Max Weber”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Weber’s Protestant Ethic (1904–05) countered a one-sided materialist reading of history without substituting a spiritualist one, and he warned that socialism would deepen bureaucracy (1918). M. Weber, Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus (1904–05), conclusion; “Der Sozialismus” (lecture, Vienna 1918)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Social Reform or Revolution? (1899) Luxemburg defended Marx’s account of capitalism’s contradictions against Bernstein’s revisionism, arguing that reforms cannot abolish wage labour. R. Luxemburg, Sozialreform oder Revolution? (1899); E. Bernstein, Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus (1899)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Luxemburg argued that Marx’s schemes of expanded reproduction in Capital II assume a closed capitalist economy, whereas accumulation depends on non-capitalist markets (The Accumulation of Capital, 1913). R. Luxemburg, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913), sections I and III
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग › 1871–1919
ज़ाँ-फ़्रांस्वा ल्योतार जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Socialisme ou Barbarie Lyotard analysed the Algerian war in Marxist terms of class and colonial exploitation (1956–63; La guerre des Algériens, 1989), before breaking with Marxism. J.-F. Lyotard, La guerre des Algériens. Écrits 1956–1963 (1989); Pérégrinations (1988); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Lyotard broke with Marxism in Libidinal Economy (1974) and later counted the narrative of proletarian emancipation among the grand narratives that have lost credibility (The Postmodern Condition, 1979). J.-F. Lyotard, Économie libidinale (1974); La condition postmoderne (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ाँ-फ़्रांस्वा ल्योतार › 1924–1998
ज़ाँ बोद्रियार जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Baudrillard extended Marx’s analysis of the commodity to consumption, adding sign value to use and exchange value (Pour une critique de l’économie politique du signe, 1972). J. Baudrillard, La société de consommation (1970); Pour une critique de l’économie politique du signe (1972); SEP “Jean Baudrillard”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Mirror of Production (1973) Baudrillard argued that Marx’s critique remains within the productivist logic of the political economy it criticises, as its mirror image. J. Baudrillard, Le miroir de la production (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ाँ बोद्रियार › 1929–2007
अली शरीअती जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Shariati borrowed Marxist class analysis and the concept of alienation to recast Shiism as a revolutionary ideology of the oppressed, while rejecting Marxist materialism. E. Abrahamian, “Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Iranian Revolution”, MERIP Reports 102 (1982); A. Rahnema, An Islamic Utopian (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Shariati criticised Marxism as a materialism that reduces the human being to economics, while taking up its language of class struggle for a revolutionary Shiism. ʿAlī Sharīʿatī, Marxism and Other Western Fallacies, tr. R. Campbell, 1980; E. Abrahamian, ‘Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Iranian Revolution’, MERIP Reports 102, 1982
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अली शरीअती › 1933–1977
कैथरीन ए. मैककिनन जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
MacKinnon modelled feminist method on Marxism, treating consciousness raising as to feminism what dialectical materialism is to Marxism (Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, 1989). C. A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989); “Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory”, Signs 7 (1982)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
MacKinnon held that Marxism misses sexual domination: ‘sexuality is to feminism what work is to marxism’ (‘Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State’, Signs, 1982). C. A. MacKinnon, “Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory”, Signs 7 (1982), 515–544; Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैथरीन ए. मैककिनन › जन्म 1946
सभी दिखाएँ (27)कम दिखाएँ
मिखाइल बाकूनिन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Bakunin warned that Marx’s workers’ state and ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ would produce a new privileged minority of former workers ruling over the masses (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiya (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); K. Marx, Conspectus of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy (1874–75; MECW 24)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिखाइल बाकूनिन › 1814–1876
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kropotkin rejected the collectivist wage system of labour cheques favoured by Marxist socialists, demanding distribution according to needs (The Conquest of Bread, 1892, ch. 13). P. Kropotkin, La conquête du pain (1892), ch. 13 “Le salariat collectiviste”; Modern Science and Anarchism (1901/1913)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन › 1842–1921
विलफ्रेडो परेटो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Pareto rejected Marx’s labour theory of value and recast class struggle as a perpetual circulation of elites, which no revolution ends (Les systèmes socialistes, 1902–03). V. Pareto, Les systèmes socialistes (1902–03); Trattato di sociologia generale (1916)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलफ्रेडो परेटो › 1848–1923
ख़ोसे मार्ती
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Reporting on the New York memorial meeting for Marx (La Nación, 1883), Martí honoured him for taking the side of the weak but objected that one does better who points to the harm and teaches a gentle remedy than one who sets people against each other. J. Martí, letter from New York of 29 March 1883, La Nación (Buenos Aires), May 1883; Obras completas IX
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे मार्ती › 1853–1895
बेनेदितो क्रोचे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Croce held that Marx’s historical materialism is no philosophy of history, only a canon of historical interpretation (Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica, 1900). B. Croce, Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica (1900), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेनेदितो क्रोचे › 1866–1952
निकोलाई बेर्द्याएव
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Berdyaev, once a Marxist, came to see Marxism as a secular religion subordinating the person to the collective (The Origin of Russian Communism, 1937). N. Berdyaev, The Origin of Russian Communism (1937)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकोलाई बेर्द्याएव › 1874–1948
भीमराव आम्बेडकर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In “Buddha or Karl Marx” (written 1956) Ambedkar accepted Marx’s critique of exploitation but rejected violence and the dictatorship of the proletariat: the Buddha’s way of persuasion and moral change, he argued, reaches the same goal more lastingly. B. R. Ambedkar, “Buddha or Karl Marx” (1956), in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, vol. 3 (1987)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
भीमराव आम्बेडकर › 1891–1956
कार्ल पॉपर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Popper argued that Marx’s historicism claims to predict history; when its prophecies failed, they were reinterpreted, making the theory immune to criticism (The Open Society, 1945). K. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), vol. 2; Conjectures and Refutations (1963), ch. 1; The Poverty of Historicism (1957)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
मुहम्मद हुसैन तबातबाई
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism (from 1953) Tabatabai answered the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels, as the Tudeh party spread it in Iran, with a realist theory of knowledge. M. Ḥ. Ṭabāṭabāʾī and M. Muṭahharī, Uṣūl-i falsafa va ravish-i riʾālīsm (1953–85); Nasr 2006
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मुहम्मद हुसैन तबातबाई › 1904–1981
हाना आरंट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Arendt objected that Marx blurred the distinction between labour and work and, defining man as animal laborans, lost sight of action (The Human Condition, 1958, ch. III). H. Arendt, The Human Condition (1958), ch. III “Labor”; “Karl Marx and the Tradition of Western Political Thought” (1953, publ. 2002)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
फाउस्तो रेइनागा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
After his Marxist phase Reinaga rejected Marxism as a European doctrine: the Indians are an oppressed people, not a class, and must liberate themselves (La revolución india, 1970). F. Reinaga, La revolución india (1970); Tesis india (1971); Á. García Linera, “El desencuentro de dos razones revolucionarias. Indianismo y marxismo”, Cuadernos del Pensamiento Crítico Latinoamericano 3 (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फाउस्तो रेइनागा › 1906–1994
आइज़ैया बर्लिन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Berlin rejected the historical determinism he found in Marx, which dissolves individual choice and responsibility into impersonal historical forces (‘Historical Inevitability’, 1954). I. Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture, 1954); Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़ैया बर्लिन › 1909–1997
सिमोन वेय
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Weil called Marx’s faith in productive forces a myth: oppression stems from how labour is organised (Réflexions sur les causes de la liberté et de l’oppression sociale, 1934). S. Weil, Réflexions sur les causes de la liberté et de l’oppression sociale (1934; publ. in Oppression et liberté, 1955); SEP “Simone Weil”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिमोन वेय › 1909–1943
आल्बेर कामु
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Rebel (1951) Camus read Marx as a prophet of the end of history whose messianism, in his heirs, justified sacrificing living people to a promised future. A. Camus, L’Homme révolté (1951), Part III, “La prophétie bourgeoise”, “La prophétie révolutionnaire”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्बेर कामु › 1913–1960
कोर्नेलियस कास्तोरियादिस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Castoriadis concluded that Marx’s economic determinism and primacy of productive forces cannot grasp social creation, so the theory had become an ideology (Imaginary Institution of Society, 1975, I). C. Castoriadis, “Marxisme et théorie révolutionnaire”, Socialisme ou Barbarie 36–40 (1964–65); L’institution imaginaire de la société (1975), part I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कोर्नेलियस कास्तोरियादिस › 1922–1997
जूलियस न्येरेरे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In “Ujamaa – The Basis of African Socialism” (1962) Nyerere rejected, without naming Marx, a “doctrinaire socialism” built on “a philosophy of inevitable conflict between man and man”: African socialism grows from the traditional extended family, not from class war. J. K. Nyerere, “Ujamaa – The Basis of African Socialism” (1962), in Freedom and Unity (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जूलियस न्येरेरे › 1922–1999
मिशेल फूको
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Foucault held that Marxism exists in nineteenth-century thought ‘like a fish in water’ and makes no radical break with political economy (The Order of Things, 1966). M. Foucault, Les mots et les choses (1966), ch. 8, section on Ricardo
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
लेशेक कोवाकोव्स्की
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kołakowski argued that Marx’s Promethean dream of a perfectly unified society made Stalinism a possible, though not inevitable, interpretation of his thought (Main Currents of Marxism, 1976–78). L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (1976–78; Engl. 1978); “The Marxist Roots of Stalinism”, in R. C. Tucker (ed.), Stalinism (1977)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेशेक कोवाकोव्स्की › 1927–2009
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
King rejected Marx’s materialist view of history, the ethical relativism and the totalitarianism he saw in communism, while sharing Marx’s concern for social justice (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958). M. L. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (1958), ch. 6 “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
कार्ला लोन्ज़ी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Lonzi objected that Marxism promises women’s liberation only as a by-product of the class struggle, leaving the oppression of women by men untouched (Sputiamo su Hegel, 1970). C. Lonzi, Sputiamo su Hegel (Scritti di Rivolta Femminile, 1970); Manifesto di Rivolta Femminile (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ला लोन्ज़ी › 1931–1982
क्वासी विरेडू
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In Philosophy and an African Culture (1980) Wiredu devoted two chapters to Marxism, criticising its accounts of truth, ideology and morality and arguing that features of Marxist philosophy help explain the authoritarianism of Marxist regimes. K. Wiredu, Philosophy and an African Culture (1980); D. Ude, Journal of Pan African Studies 12:5 (2018)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्वासी विरेडू › 1931–2022
जिनकी आलोचना की 8
एडम स्मिथ जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Marx worked through Smith on wages, profit and rent in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844) and later built on his labour theory of value in Capital (1867). K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); Das Kapital I (1867); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx credited Smith’s labour theory of value but criticised his ‘dogma’ that commodity prices resolve into wages, profit and rent, ignoring constant capital (Capital II, 1885, ch. 19). K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), ch. 19; Theorien über den Mehrwert I (1862–63), ch. 3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
एडमण्ड बर्क
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx called Burke a paid ‘sycophant’ of the English oligarchy and an ‘out-and-out vulgar bourgeois’ for whom the laws of commerce were laws of God (Capital I, 1867). K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), ch. 24.6 (Engl. ed. ch. 31), note on E. Burke, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity (1795)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडमण्ड बर्क › 1729–1797
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844, printed 1932) Marx credited Hegel’s Phenomenology with grasping the self-creation of humanity as a process and labour as its essence. K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932), “Kritik der Hegelschen Dialektik und Philosophie überhaupt”; SEP “Karl Marx”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx held that Hegel mystifies the dialectic by making the Idea the subject of reality; it ‘stands on its head’ and must be inverted (Capital, afterword 1873). K. Marx, Kritik des Hegelschen Staatsrechts (1843); Das Kapital I, Nachwort zur zweiten Auflage (1873); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
आगस्त काँत
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx found Comte’s positivism ‘miserable compared to Hegel’ and mocked Comte’s school for making the lords of capital an eternal necessity (letter to Engels, 1866; Capital I, 1867). K. Marx, letter to F. Engels, 7 July 1866 (MEW 31); Das Kapital I (1867), chapter on co-operation, note on Comte
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़ जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Marx turned Feuerbach’s inversion of subject and predicate against Hegel’s theory of the state (1843) and adopted his ‘species-being’ in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844). K. Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie (written 1843, printed 1927); Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); SEP “Karl Marx”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach (1845) objected that Feuerbach grasps reality only as an object of contemplation, not as practice, and abstracts human essence from social relations. K. Marx, Thesen über Feuerbach (1845; publ. by Engels 1888), Theses I and VI; SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़ › 1804–1872
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
In The Holy Family (1845) Marx praised Proudhon’s What Is Property? (1840) for making private property itself the object of a critical examination of political economy. K. Marx and F. Engels, Die heilige Familie (1845); P.-J. Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
In The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) Marx objected that Proudhon treats economic categories as eternal ideas, whereas they express historical, transitory relations of production. K. Marx, Misère de la philosophie (1847), ch. 2, first observation
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों › 1809–1865
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
जुज़ेप्पे मात्सीनी
जिनकी आलोचना की
Marx dismissed the Italian draft statutes for the International as ‘evidently a concoction of Mazzini’s’ and rewrote them with the Inaugural Address (to Engels, 4 Nov. 1864). K. Marx to F. Engels, 4 Nov. 1864 (MECW 42); Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men’s Association (1864)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जुज़ेप्पे मात्सीनी › 1805–1872
मैक्स श्टिर्नर
जिनकी आलोचना की
In ‘Saint Max’, the longest part of The German Ideology (1845–46), Marx and Engels mocked Stirner’s Unique One as a petty-bourgeois abstraction from real social relations. K. Marx & F. Engels, Die deutsche Ideologie (1845–46; publ. 1932), vol. I, part III “Sankt Max”; SEP “Max Stirner”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स श्टिर्नर › 1806–1856
कृतियाँ
अलगावग्रस्त श्रम – हेगल के द्वंद्ववाद की आलोचना सहित; 1844 में लिखी गई, पहली बार 1932 में प्रकाशित।
दार्शनिकों ने संसार की केवल अलग-अलग ढंग से व्याख्या की है; मुद्दा उसे बदलने का है – 1845 में लिखी गईं, 1888 में एंगल्स ने प्रकाशित कीं।
यूरोप को एक प्रेत सता रहा है।
- 1867दास कैपिटल
पण्य, अधिशेष मूल्य, संचय – पूँजीवादी समाज की गति के नियम।
मत
Marx turned Hegel’s dialectic “from its head onto its feet”: history is driven not by the spirit but by material production and the conflicts it generates. Every society rests on an economic base – forces and relations of production – on which law, politics and ideology are built. Under capitalism workers sell their labour power; the surplus value they produce beyond their wage becomes profit, and their work becomes alien to them. Class struggle, crises and concentration of capital would, he argued, eventually lead to a classless society. His famous thesis: philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it. His work shaped politics and the social sciences far beyond Marxism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Trier, Marx studied law and philosophy in Bonn and Berlin, joined the Young Hegelians and edited a liberal newspaper until it was banned. In Paris he began his lifelong partnership with Engels. After the revolutions of 1848 he lived in London in exile, often in poverty, studying economics in the British Museum and helping lead the First International.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
- The German Ideology, with Engels (written 1845–46, published 1932)
- The Communist Manifesto, with Engels (1848)
- Capital, vol. 1 (1867)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘हेगल के उत्तराधिकारी’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 4
- यात्रा ‘समाजशास्त्र दर्शन से कैसे उभरा’ · 12 में से पड़ाव 11
- यात्रा ‘समाज विचारणीय कैसे बना’ · 12 में से पड़ाव 4
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है