मार्टिन लूथर किंग

कृतियाँ

• 1958स्ट्राइड टुवर्ड फ़्रीडम: मोंटगोमरी की कहानी

  1955–56 के मोंटगोमरी बस-बहिष्कार का वृत्तांत; अध्याय “अहिंसा की तीर्थयात्रा” थोरो, राउशेनबुश, मार्क्स और नीत्शे से होते हुए गांधी तक, फिर नीबूर की आपत्तियों और उनके बॉस्टन के शिक्षकों तक उनके मार्ग का पीछा करता है, और अहिंसक प्रतिरोध के छह सिद्धांत रखता है।

• 1963बर्मिंघम जेल से पत्र

  अप्रैल 1963 में जेल में आठ श्वेत पादरियों के उत्तर में लिखा, जिन्होंने प्रदर्शनों को “अविवेकी और असामयिक” कहा था: अहिंसक प्रत्यक्ष कार्रवाई का, न्यायपूर्ण और अन्यायपूर्ण क़ानूनों के भेद का बचाव, और उस “श्वेत मध्यममार्गी” को उलाहना जो न्याय से अधिक व्यवस्था पसंद करता है।

• 1967वेयर डू वी गो फ़्रॉम हियर: अराजकता या समुदाय?

  उनकी अंतिम पूर्ण-लंबाई की पुस्तक, अश्वेत शक्ति पर बहस के बीच लिखी: वह अलगाववाद और हिंसा को, फ़ानों की भी, अस्वीकार करती है, और गारंटीशुदा आय, आर्थिक न्याय और नस्लीय रेखाओं के पार ग़रीबों के गठबंधन का आह्वान करती है।

मत

King is on the map as a leading theorist and practitioner of nonviolent resistance after Gandhi. In “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence” he traced his path: Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience, the social gospel of Walter Rauschenbusch, a reading of Marx whose materialism he rejected and Nietzsche’s attack on Christian love, until Gandhi, whose ideas he took up after a lecture by Mordecai Johnson in 1950, showed him how love could become a social force; Reinhold Niebuhr’s realism about collective sin then became an objection he had to answer, and in Boston he studied Hegel’s dialectic and the personalism of his teachers. The “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963) draws on Socrates, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Martin Buber: a just law squares with the moral law, segregation degrades persons into things, and whoever breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly and willing to accept the penalty, in order to rouse the conscience of the community – thereby showing the highest respect for law. King distinguished such action both from passivity and from violence; in “Where Do We Go from Here” (1967) he discussed Fanon’s “The Wretched of the Earth” and rejected its defence of violence. In his last years he described racism, poverty and militarism as connected evils and called for a guaranteed income; in February 1968, at the centenary of W. E. B. Du Bois’s birth, he honoured Du Bois in a speech at Carnegie Hall. Rawls’s theory of civil disobedience in “A Theory of Justice” (1971) is commonly read with the letter as its model case, and Rawls later held that King’s religiously grounded appeals accorded with public reason (“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”, 1997); Martha Nussbaum reads “I Have a Dream” as turning anger away from retribution towards a shared future (“Anger and Forgiveness”, 2016).

जीवन और संदर्भ

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 January 1929 in Atlanta, the son and grandson of Baptist ministers. He studied sociology at Morehouse College (BA 1948), theology at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania (1951) and systematic theology at Boston University, where he took his doctorate in 1955 with a dissertation comparing the conceptions of God of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. In 1954 he became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, and in 1955–56 led the bus boycott that followed the arrest of Rosa Parks. In 1957 he co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which he led until his death. The campaign in Birmingham in 1963, during which he wrote his letter from jail, the March on Washington with the speech “I Have a Dream” (28 August 1963) and the marches from Selma (1965) contributed to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. From 1967 he publicly opposed the Vietnam War and prepared a Poor People’s Campaign. On 4 April 1968 he was shot in Memphis, where he had come to support striking sanitation workers.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (1958)
• Strength to Love (sermons, 1963)
• Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963; in Why We Can’t Wait, 1964)
• I Have a Dream (speech, 1963)
• Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)
• The Trumpet of Conscience (1968)

इनमें आता है

• बहस ‘युद्ध और शांति: सशस्त्र बल कब उचित है?’