जॉन राल्स
न्याय वह है जिस पर हम समाज में अपना स्थान जाने बिना सहमत होते – असमानताएँ तभी उचित हैं जब वे सबसे कमज़ोर की सहायता करें।
पृष्ठभूमि
निष्पक्षता के रूप में न्याय: वे सिद्धांत जो हम अज्ञान के पर्दे के पीछे चुनते।
मुख्य विचार
- अज्ञान का पर्दा
- भेद-सिद्धांत
- चिंतनशील संतुलन
शिष्य: थॉमस नागेल, इफ़ेन्यी मेंकिटी, ओनोरा ओ’नील, क्रिस्टीन कोर्सगार्ड, एलिज़ाबेथ एंडरसन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
जॉन लॉक
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Rawls sought to carry the social contract of Locke, Rousseau and Kant ‘to a higher level of abstraction’ in the original position (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007)
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
डेविड ह्यूम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls took the circumstances of justice – moderate scarcity and limited altruism – from Hume as the conditions under which justice is needed (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature III (1740); An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls placed justice as fairness in Rousseau’s contract tradition and read the general will as citizens’ shared reasoning about the common good (lectures, publ. 2007). J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007); A Theory of Justice (1971); SEP “John Rawls”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Rawls read the original position of justice as fairness as a procedural expression of Kant’s autonomy (A Theory of Justice, 1971; ‘Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory’, 1980). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); “Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory”, Journal of Philosophy 77 (1980); SEP “John Rawls”
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls took up Marx’s objection that liberal rights are merely formal, answering with the fair value of political liberties and property-owning democracy (Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 2001). J. Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001), § 52; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Marx
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
आइज़ैया बर्लिन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आइज़ैया बर्लिन › 1909–1997
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls held that King’s religiously grounded appeals accorded with public reason because they supported constitutional values (‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’, 1997). J. Rawls, “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”, University of Chicago Law Review 64 (1997); Political Liberalism (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
थॉमस नागेल जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Nagel took his PhD at Harvard in 1963 under Rawls with a dissertation on altruism, the theme of his The Possibility of Altruism (1970). Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry T. Nagel (Harvard 1963)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
थॉमस नागेल › जन्म 1937
इफ़ेन्यी मेंकिटी जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Menkiti studied with Rawls at Harvard, who supervised his dissertation (PhD 1974), a study of collective responsibility. Wellesley College, obituary of I. A. Menkiti (2019)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इफ़ेन्यी मेंकिटी › 1940–2019
क्रिस्टीन कोर्सगार्ड जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Korsgaard took her PhD at Harvard in 1981 under Rawls with The Standpoint of Practical Reason (printed 1990). C. M. Korsgaard, The Standpoint of Practical Reason (diss. Harvard 1981; printed 1990); Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry J. Rawls
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
क्रिस्टीन कोर्सगार्ड › जन्म 1952
एलिज़ाबेथ एंडरसन जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Anderson took her PhD at Harvard in 1987 under Rawls with a dissertation on value in ethics and in economics, which became Value in Ethics and Economics (1993). Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry E. S. Anderson (Harvard 1987); E. Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलिज़ाबेथ एंडरसन › जन्म 1959
राइनर फ़ोर्स्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Forst, who worked with Rawls at Harvard, drew on Rawls’s political liberalism in his reconstruction of the debate between liberals and communitarians (Kontexte der Gerechtigkeit, 1994). R. Forst, Kontexte der Gerechtigkeit. Politische Philosophie jenseits von Liberalismus und Kommunitarismus (1994); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
राइनर फ़ोर्स्ट › जन्म 1964
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
युर्गन हाबरमास ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Replying to Habermas, Rawls argued that his own liberalism is freestanding and political, whereas Habermas’s discourse theory is a comprehensive doctrine (‘Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas’, 1995). J. Rawls, “Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas”, Journal of Philosophy 92 (1995), 132–180; J. Habermas, “Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason”, ibid., 109–131
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Habermas questioned whether Rawls’s original position and overlapping consensus can secure the validity, not merely acceptance, of principles of justice (‘Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason’, 1995). J. Habermas, “Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls’s Political Liberalism”, Journal of Philosophy 92 (1995); J. Rawls, “Reply to Habermas”, ibid.
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 8
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
MacIntyre objected that Rawls treats individuals as prior to community and excludes desert, which only a shared conception of the good could ground (After Virtue, 1981, ch. 17). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), ch. 17
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
अमर्त्य सेन जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sen dedicated The Idea of Justice (2009) to Rawls’s memory and kept his demand for impartial public reasoning, while shifting from ideal institutions to comparisons of real lives. A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Sen objected that Rawls’s primary goods ignore how people differ in converting resources into capabilities (‘Equality of What?’, 1979; The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, “Equality of What?”, Tanner Lecture (1979); The Idea of Justice (2009)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अमर्त्य सेन › जन्म 1933
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nozick objected that Rawls’s patterned principles can be upheld only by continual interference with free transactions, as the Wilt Chamberlain case shows (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), ch. 7
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक › 1938–2002
ओनोरा ओ’नील जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
O’Neill took her PhD at Harvard in 1969 under Rawls with a dissertation on Kant’s ethics, printed under the name Onora Nell as Acting on Principle (1975). O. Nell (O’Neill), Acting on Principle: An Essay on Kantian Ethics (1975); Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry J. Rawls
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
O’Neill criticised Rawls for restricting justice to a single bounded society and for idealising assumptions that abstract from real agents’ vulnerability (Towards Justice and Virtue, 1996). O. O’Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue (1996); Bounds of Justice (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ओनोरा ओ’नील › जन्म 1941
मार्था नस्बॉम जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Nussbaum adopted Rawls’s political liberalism, presenting her list of central capabilities as the possible object of an overlapping consensus (Women and Human Development, 2000). M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nussbaum argued that Rawls’s social contract cannot do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations or animals, and proposed capabilities instead (Frontiers of Justice, 2006). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्था नस्बॉम › जन्म 1947
आइरिस मैरियन यंग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Young argued that the ‘distributive paradigm’ dominant since Rawls misses institutional structures of oppression and domination (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990, ch. 1). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइरिस मैरियन यंग › 1949–2006
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Mills objected that Rawls’s ideal theory, assuming a well-ordered society, has little to say about racial injustice and its correction (Black Rights/White Wrongs, 2017). C. W. Mills, “‘Ideal Theory’ as Ideology”, Hypatia 20 (2005); “Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 47 (2009); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स › 1951–2021
माइकल सैंडेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Sandel argued that Rawls presupposes an ‘unencumbered self’ choosing its ends prior to attachments, which cannot account for community (Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982). M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982; 2nd ed. 1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
माइकल सैंडेल › जन्म 1953
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
जेरेमी बेन्थम
जिनकी आलोचना की
Rawls objected that Bentham’s classical utilitarianism applies one person’s principle of choice to society and ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5–6, 30
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
हेनरी सिजविक जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Rawls modelled his comparison of moral conceptions on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics (A Theory of Justice, 1971) and wrote a foreword to its 1981 reissue. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Rawls took Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as the classic statement of utilitarianism, whose impartial sympathetic spectator merges all persons into one (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5, 30; foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900
कृतियाँ
निष्पक्षता के रूप में न्याय – आदि स्थिति और अज्ञान का पर्दा।
- 1993राजनीतिक उदारवाद
बहुलवादी समाजों में परस्पर-व्यापी सहमति।
मत
Rawls is widely credited with reviving political philosophy in the English-speaking world; he offered an alternative to utilitarianism, which in his view can sacrifice the individual to the greatest sum of welfare. Just principles, he argued, are those that free and equal persons would choose in an “original position” behind a “veil of ignorance” – not knowing their class, talents or conception of the good. They would choose, first, equal basic liberties for all; second, that social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they are attached to positions open to all under fair equality of opportunity and if they benefit the least advantaged (the “difference principle”). The first principle takes priority over the second, and fair equality of opportunity over the difference principle. Rawls called this “justice as fairness.” In Political Liberalism he asked how a society deeply divided by religion and world views can be stable through an “overlapping consensus.”
जीवन और संदर्भ
Rawls was born in Baltimore in 1921, studied at Princeton and served as an infantryman in the Pacific during the Second World War, an experience that led him to abandon his Christian faith. After a year at Oxford he taught at Cornell and MIT and from 1962 at Harvard. He worked for nearly two decades on his main work, published in 1971.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Theory of Justice (1971)
- Political Liberalism (1993)
- The Law of Peoples (1999)
- Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001)
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