एपिकुरुस
सुख पीड़ा और भय से मुक्ति है; मृत्यु से डरने की कोई बात नहीं, क्योंकि उसे अनुभव करने के लिए हम वहाँ होंगे ही नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
सुख का अर्थ पीड़ा से मुक्ति और आत्मा की शांति है; देवताओं और मृत्यु का भय निराधार है।
मुख्य विचार
- अटैरेक्सिया
- “मृत्यु हमारे लिए कुछ नहीं है”
- परमाणुवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
डेमोक्रिटस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Epicurus took over Democritus’ atoms and void, giving atoms weight and, by later reports, a swerve, and grounded on them an ethics free of fear of death. Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus; Letter to Menoeceus; Lucretius II.216–293; Cicero, De finibus I.17–21; SEP “Epicurus”
डेमोक्रिटस › लगभग 460–370 ईसा पूर्व
पाइरो
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित ✓
Epicurus’ teacher Nausiphanes had heard Pyrrho, and Epicurus admired Pyrrho’s way of life, often asking about him; any doctrinal debt is disputed (Diogenes Laertius IX.64). Diogenes Laertius IX.64, IX.69, X.8; SEP “Pyrrho”
पाइरो › लगभग 360–270 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
लुक्रेतिउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lucretius set out Epicurus’ physics and ethics in Latin hexameters, praising him as the Greek who first dared to defy religion (De rerum natura I.62–79, III.1–30). Lucretius, De rerum natura I.62–79, III.1–30, V.1–54; SEP “Lucretius”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
सेनेका
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Seneca ended many early Letters to Lucilius with a saying of Epicurus, crossing into the enemy camp ‘not as a deserter but as a scout’ (Letter 2.5). Seneca, Epistulae morales 1–29, esp. 2.5; SEP “Seneca”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेनेका › लगभग 4 ईसा पूर्व – 65 ईसवी
पियर गासेंदी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gassendi set out to revive Epicurus’ atomism and ethics of tranquillity, purged of what Christianity could not accept, in his Life of Epicurus (1647) and Syntagma philosophicum (1658). P. Gassendi, De vita et moribus Epicuri (1647); Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii (1649); Syntagma philosophicum (1658); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
पियर गासेंदी › 1592–1655
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Marx’s doctoral dissertation (1841) defended Epicurus’ swerve of the atoms against Democritus’ determinism, reading it as the principle of the freedom of self-consciousness. K. Marx, Differenz der demokritischen und epikureischen Naturphilosophie (dissertation, Jena 1841; printed 1902); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
कार्नियाडीज़
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Carneades objected that Epicurus needed no atomic swerve to save free will, since a voluntary movement of the mind needs no external cause. Cicero, De fato 23, 31–32
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्नियाडीज़ › लगभग 214–129 ईसा पूर्व
सिसरो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Cicero rejected Epicurus’ ethics in On Ends II (45 BCE): pleasure cannot be the highest good, as it leaves no room for virtue for its own sake. Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum I–II; De natura deorum I.57–124
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
अरिस्तिप्पुस
जिनकी आलोचना की विवादित
Epicurus held against the Cyrenaics that painless tranquillity, not only pleasure in motion, is the highest pleasure; whether this targets Aristippus himself is disputed. Diogenes Laertius 10.136–137; IEP “Cyrenaics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरिस्तिप्पुस › लगभग 435–356 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 300 ईसा पूर्वमेनोइकेयस को पत्र
सुखी जीवन की छोटी मार्गदर्शिका: मृत्यु हमारे लिए कुछ नहीं है।
मत
Epicurus aimed to free people from fear and anxiety. Building on Democritus’ atomism, he taught that the gods do not interfere in the world and that death, the dissolution of the soul’s atoms, is “nothing to us”: where death is, we are not. The goal of life is pleasure, understood not as indulgence but as the absence of bodily pain and mental disturbance (ataraxia). It is reached through simple living, prudence and above all friendship; his “fourfold remedy” sums up the teaching. Lucretius carried it to Rome, and modern hedonism and utilitarianism owe much to it.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Epicurus was born on Samos to Athenian parents and taught in Mytilene and Lampsacus before settling in Athens around 306 BCE. There he bought a house with a garden, where he lived with friends – including women and slaves – in a community known simply as “the Garden”. Of his many writings, three letters and collections of maxims survive.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Letter to Herodotus (c. 300 BCE)
- Letter to Menoeceus (c. 300 BCE)
- Principal Doctrines (c. 300 BCE)
- On Nature (c. 300 BCE, fragments)
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