ख़ोसे कार्लोस मारियातेगी
मूल निवासी पेरूवासियों का उत्पीड़न भूमि का प्रश्न है, और लातिनी अमेरिका में समाजवाद को आंदीज़ की सामुदायिक परंपराओं से उगना चाहिए, यूरोप की नक़ल से नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
पेरू के मार्क्सवादी: “भारतीय की समस्या” भूमि की समस्या है; इंडो-अमेरिकी समाजवाद को यूरोप की नकल करने के बजाय एंडीज़ की सामुदायिक परंपराओं पर बनना चाहिए।
मुख्य विचार
- इंडो-अमेरिकी समाजवाद
- भूमि की समस्या
- मिथक और क्रांति
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
इंका गार्सिलासो दे ला वेगा
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mariátegui called Garcilaso the first Peruvian, who nonetheless remained Spanish, making him the start of a Peruvian literature joining both heritages (Siete ensayos, 1928). J. C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (1928), “El proceso de la literatura”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इंका गार्सिलासो दे ला वेगा › 1539–1616
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mariátegui applied Marx’s method to Peru, treating the ‘problem of the Indian’ as a problem of land, not of race or education (Siete ensayos, 1928). J. C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (1928), “El problema del indio”; Defensa del marxismo (1928–29)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिनसे प्रभावित
In the foreword to Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (1928) Mariátegui said his work followed Nietzsche’s wish for an author whose thoughts form a book spontaneously, not one bent on producing a book deliberately. J. C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (1928), “Advertencia”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Reviewing Unamuno’s The Agony of Christianity (1926), Mariátegui took up its reading of agony as struggle; this agonistic faith fed into his view of socialism as a living struggle rather than a settled doctrine. J. C. Mariátegui, “La agonía del cristianismo” (1926), in Signos y obras; M. de Unamuno, La agonía del cristianismo (written 1924, first published in French, 1925)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो › 1864–1936
बेनेदितो क्रोचे
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Defence of Marxism (1928–29, ch. IV and VI) Mariátegui invoked Croce’s essays on historical materialism – the link between Hegel and Marx merely psychological, socialism grounded in a historical conception – against readings of Marxism as determinism and as a doctrine without ethics. J. C. Mariátegui, Defensa del marxismo (1928–29; book 1934), ch. IV “La filosofía moderna y el marxismo” and VI “Ética y socialismo”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेनेदितो क्रोचे › 1866–1952
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
गुस्तावो गुतिएरेज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gutiérrez took up Mariátegui’s call for a socialism that is no mere borrowing but a heroic creation of its own, in his Latin American theology (Teología de la liberación, 1971). G. Gutiérrez, Teología de la liberación: Perspectivas (1971); J. C. Mariátegui, “Aniversario y balance”, Amauta 17 (1928)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गुस्तावो गुतिएरेज़ › 1928–2024
अनीबाल किहानो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Quijano introduced Mariátegui’s Siete ensayos (1979 edition) and built on his analysis of the colonial roots of Peruvian society for the coloniality of power. A. Quijano, prologue to J. C. Mariátegui, 7 ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1979); Reencuentro y debate: Una introducción a Mariátegui (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अनीबाल किहानो › 1928–2018
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
महात्मा गांधी
जिनकी आलोचना की
In The Contemporary Scene (1925) Mariátegui admired Gandhi’s moral force and his influence across Asia but judged his work more religious and moral than political: Gandhi was the apostle of a religious movement rather than the leader of India’s liberation, his rejection of the West and the machine taken from Ruskin and Tolstoy. J. C. Mariátegui, La escena contemporánea (1925), “Gandhi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
महात्मा गांधी › 1869–1948
कृतियाँ
पेरू का मार्क्सवादी विश्लेषण – अर्थव्यवस्था, भूमि, शिक्षा, साहित्य – जिसमें मूल निवासी प्रश्न भूमि का प्रश्न है।
मत
Mariátegui wanted a socialism for Latin America that would be neither imitation nor replica but “heroic creation”. In the Seven Essays he argued that the “problem of the Indian” is not racial, moral or educational but economic: it is rooted in the land system of large estates and local bosses (gamonalismo). Socialism in Peru could build on the communal traditions of the Andean ayllu. Influenced by Georges Sorel, he held that revolution needs a mobilising myth and faith, not scientific analysis alone. His independent line brought conflict with the Communist International and with Haya de la Torre’s APRA. Quijano, Gutiérrez and later decolonial thinkers drew heavily on him.
जीवन और संदर्भ
José Carlos Mariátegui was born in Moquegua, Peru, in 1894 and grew up poor; with little schooling, he rose through journalism in Lima. From 1919 to 1923 he lived in Europe, mostly in Italy, where he turned to Marxism. Back in Peru he lost a leg in 1924, founded the journal Amauta in 1926 and the Peruvian Socialist Party in 1928. He died in Lima in 1930, aged thirty-five.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Contemporary Scene (La escena contemporánea, 1925)
- Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana, 1928)
- Defence of Marxism (Defensa del marxismo, essays 1928–29)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘लातिनी अमेरिका और मूल अमेरिका’ · 13 में से पड़ाव 6
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है