जॉर्ज लुकाच
पूँजीवाद में मानवीय संबंध वस्तुओं के बीच के संबंधों के रूप में दिखते हैं, और केवल श्रमिक वर्ग, समग्र को देखते हुए, इस सम्मोहन को तोड़ सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
इतिहास और वर्ग-चेतना: वस्तुकरण (reification) पूँजीवादी समाज के मूल रूप के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- वस्तुकरण (reification)
- वर्ग-चेतना
गुरु: गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
शिष्य: आग्नेश हेलर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Lukács read Marx through Hegel’s categories of totality and subject–object identity in History and Class Consciousness (1923), later tracing Hegel’s economics in The Young Hegel (1948). G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); Der junge Hegel. Über die Beziehungen von Dialektik und Ökonomie (written 1938, publ. 1948); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Lukács built his theory of reification on Marx’s account of commodity fetishism, extending it to bureaucracy, law and thought (‘Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat’, 1923). G. Lukács, “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, in Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
जिनसे प्रभावित
In his 1962 preface to The Theory of the Novel (1916) Lukács traced its method to Dilthey’s Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905) and the Geisteswissenschaften. G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916; book 1920), preface (1962); W. Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई › 1833–1911
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Lukács attended Simmel’s private seminar in Berlin (1906–07 and 1909–10); in History and Class Consciousness (1923) he still drew on Simmel’s Philosophie des Geldes while criticising it. SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”; G. Lukács, “Georg Simmel” (1918)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित
In his reification essay (1923) Lukács drew on Weber’s analysis of calculable, rational bureaucracy and law to show how commodity form shapes modern institutions. G. Lukács, “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, in Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग
जिनसे प्रभावित
In History and Class Consciousness (1923) Lukács praised Luxemburg’s Accumulation of Capital for its standpoint of totality while criticising her views on party organisation and the Russian Revolution. G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923), “Die Marxistin Rosa Luxemburg” and “Kritische Bemerkungen über Rosa Luxemburgs ‚Kritik der russischen Revolution‘”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग › 1871–1919
एमिल लास्क
जिनसे प्रभावित
Lukács’s early philosophy of art in Heidelberg rests on a neo-Kantian framework in which Lask’s influence is especially strong. SEP “Georg Lukács” (T. Stahl, rev. 2023), §1 and §2.2, citing Kavoulakos 2014
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमिल लास्क › 1875–1915
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
वाल्टर बेन्यामीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Benjamin read History and Class Consciousness (1923) on Capri in 1924 and wrote to Scholem that Lukács reached epistemological positions partly close to his own. W. Benjamin, letter to G. Scholem (Sept. 1924), in Briefe (1966); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923)
वाल्टर बेन्यामीन › 1892–1940
कार्ल मानहाइम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
A member of Lukács’s Sunday Circle, Mannheim took up History and Class Consciousness (1923) on class-bound thought, generalising it into a sociology of knowledge (Ideologie und Utopie, 1929). K. Mannheim, Ideologie und Utopie (1929); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984); SEP “Georg [György] Lukács”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मानहाइम › 1893–1947
पाउलो फ्रेइरे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Pedagogy of the Oppressed (ch. 1) Freire took up Lukács’s demand, in his book on Lenin (1924), that the party “explain to the masses their own action” – but as dialogue with the people rather than explanation to them. P. Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968; English 1970), ch. 1; G. Lukács, Lenin (1924)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पाउलो फ्रेइरे › 1921–1997
कारेल कोसिक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kosík took from History and Class Consciousness (1923) the category of concrete totality, setting it against atomism and empty, abstract totalities (Dialectics of the Concrete, 1963). K. Kosík, Dialektika konkrétního (1963); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कारेल कोसिक › 1926–2003
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Habermas reconstructed Lukács’ theory of reification as a reading of Weber’s rationalisation and recast it as the colonisation of the lifeworld (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. I, “Von Lukács zu Adorno: Rationalisierung als Verdinglichung”; vol. II
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
आग्नेश हेलर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Heller studied with Lukács in Budapest from 1947, became his assistant and doctoral student (doctorate 1955) and a central member of the ‘Budapest School’ around him. J. Grumley, Agnes Heller: A Moralist in the Vortex of History (2005); A. Heller, Der Affe auf dem Fahrrad (1999)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
आग्नेश हेलर › 1929–2019
सैंड्रा हार्डिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Harding drew on Lukács’s claim that the proletariat’s position allows insight closed to the bourgeoisie as a model for feminist standpoint theory (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सैंड्रा हार्डिंग › 1935–2025
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In ‘The Idea of Natural History’ (lecture, 1932) Adorno took up Lukács’ concept of ‘second nature’ from The Theory of the Novel, reading it with Benjamin’s allegory. T. W. Adorno, “Die Idee der Naturgeschichte” (lecture 1932, printed 1973); G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Adorno charged that Lukács’ ‘extorted reconciliation’ with socialist realism measures art by party doctrine and dismisses modernist works as decadent (‘Erpreßte Versöhnung’, Der Monat, 1958). T. W. Adorno, “Erpreßte Versöhnung”, Der Monat 11 (1958), on G. Lukács, Wider den mißverstandenen Realismus (1958)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो › 1903–1969
जिनकी आलोचना की 5
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Lukács read Kant’s unknowable thing-in-itself and the split between form and content as antinomies of bourgeois thought rooted in reification (History and Class Consciousness, 1923). G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923), “Die Verdinglichung und das Bewußtsein des Proletariats”, part II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
आर्थर द गोबिनो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Lukács read Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races as founding the racial theory that fed into fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर्थर द गोबिनो › 1816–1882
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिनकी आलोचना की
Lukács read Nietzsche as the founder of the irrationalism of the imperialist period, which prepared the ground for fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. III). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. III (“Nietzsche als Begründer des Irrationalismus der imperialistischen Periode”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
ह्यूस्टन स्टीवर्ट चेम्बरलेन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Lukács placed Chamberlain’s Foundations of the Nineteenth Century in the line of racial theory from Gobineau to fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. VII). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. VII (“Der Sozialdarwinismus, die Rassentheorie und der Faschismus”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ह्यूस्टन स्टीवर्ट चेम्बरलेन › 1855–1927
आल्फ्रेड बोइमलर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Lukács treated Baeumler’s heroic-political reading of Nietzsche (Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker, 1931) as an example of the fascist appropriation of irrationalism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954); A. Baeumler, Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker (1931)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्फ्रेड बोइमलर › 1887–1968
कृतियाँ
वस्तुकरण और इतिहास के विषयी-वस्तु के रूप में सर्वहारा।
मत
Lukács gave Marxism a philosophical depth that drew on Hegel and Max Weber. His central concept is reification: under capitalism relations between people take on the form of relations between things, so that society appears as a second nature governed by impersonal laws. This affects not only economics but science, law and everyday consciousness. Only the proletariat, he argued, can see through this illusion, because in it the commodity form becomes conscious of itself. History and Class Consciousness was condemned by party orthodoxy but became a founding text of Western Marxism and the Frankfurt School. He also wrote major works on the novel, realism and aesthetics.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Lukács came from a wealthy Jewish banking family in Budapest and moved in Max Weber’s circle in Heidelberg. In 1918 he joined the Communist Party and served in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. Decades of exile in Vienna, Berlin and Moscow followed; back in Budapest he was a minister in Imre Nagy’s government in 1956 and was briefly deported afterwards.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Soul and Form (1911)
- The Theory of the Novel (1920)
- History and Class Consciousness (1923)
- The Destruction of Reason (1954)
- The Specificity of the Aesthetic (1963)
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