उलरिक़ बेक
आधुनिक समाज अब प्रदूषण और परमाणु दुर्घटनाओं जैसे ऐसे ख़तरे पैदा करते हैं जो सीमाएँ नहीं जानते, और उन्हें अपनी ही सफलता के दुष्प्रभावों से निपटना सीखना होगा।
पृष्ठभूमि
उनकी “रिज़िकोगेज़ेलशाफ़्ट” (जोखिम-समाज) चेर्नोबिल के वर्ष में छपी: आधुनिक समाज अब केवल संपत्ति नहीं बाँटते, बल्कि स्वयं-निर्मित जोखिम भी – और उन्हें अपनी ही नींवों की ओर प्रतिबिंबात्मक रूप से मुड़ना होगा।
मुख्य विचार
- जोखिम-समाज
- प्रतिबिंबात्मक आधुनिकीकरण
- वैयक्तिकरण
- विश्वनागरिकतावाद बनाम पद्धतिगत राष्ट्रवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Beck set the risk society against Marx’s class society: where industrial modernity distributed wealth, reflexive modernity also distributes risks, and individualisation yields a ‘capitalism without classes’ (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (1986); “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?” (1983)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Commentators trace Beck’s individualisation thesis to Simmel’s individuality arising from intersecting social circles; Beck diagnosed a new surge of it in post-war West Germany (Risikogesellschaft, 1986). U. Beck, Risikogesellschaft (1986); G. Simmel, Über sociale Differenzierung (1890); Soziologie (1908), “Die Kreuzung sozialer Kreise”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Beck turned Weber’s terms status group and class on current inequality, arguing that individualisation leaves it ‘beyond status and class’ (‘Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?’, 1983). U. Beck, “Jenseits von Stand und Klasse?”, in R. Kreckel (ed.), Soziale Ungleichheiten (1983); Risikogesellschaft (1986)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
कृतियाँ
- 1986जोखिम-समाज
चेर्नोबिल के वर्ष में प्रकाशित: औद्योगिक आधुनिकता ऐसे जोखिम पैदा करती है जिन्हें वह अब समेट नहीं सकती, और वस्तुओं के वितरण के संघर्षों में ख़तरों के वितरण के संघर्ष जुड़ जाते हैं।
मत
Beck’s thesis was that industrial modernity is being transformed by its own success. Classical industrial society argued about how to distribute wealth; the “risk society” must also distribute the dangers it produces itself – radiation, toxins, climate change, financial crashes. Such risks are often invisible, depend on scientific knowledge to be perceived at all, and cross the boundaries of class and nation: “Poverty is hierarchic, smog is democratic.” Because science and industry produce the very risks they are asked to control, modernity becomes “reflexive”: it is confronted with itself, and its institutions lose their unquestioned authority. At the same time Beck diagnosed a new wave of individualisation. Class, family and fixed gender roles lose their binding force, and people must assemble their own biographies – a freedom that brings new dependence on labour markets and welfare states, and whose consequences for intimate life he and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim explored in The Normal Chaos of Love (1990). In his later work Beck criticised the “methodological nationalism” of the social sciences, which treat nation-states as the natural containers of society, and argued for a cosmopolitan outlook suited to a world of global risks.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Ulrich Beck was born in 1944 in Stolp in Pomerania (now Słupsk in Poland) and grew up in Hanover. He first studied law in Freiburg, then sociology, philosophy, psychology and political science in Munich, where he took his doctorate in 1972 and his habilitation in 1979. He was professor of sociology in Münster (1979–81) and Bamberg (1981–92) and from 1992 at the University of Munich, and he also taught at the London School of Economics. Risikogesellschaft, published in 1986 a few months after the Chernobyl disaster, made him known far beyond academia. A committed European and public intellectual, he intervened in debates on globalisation, ecology and the euro crisis. He died unexpectedly in Munich on 1 January 2015.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Risk Society (1986)
- The Normal Chaos of Love (with Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, 1990)
- Reflexive Modernization (with Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash, 1994)
- What Is Globalization? (1997)
- World at Risk (2007)
- The Metamorphosis of the World (posthumous, 2016)
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