जूलियस न्येरेरे
अफ़्रीकी समाजवाद को परंपरागत विस्तृत परिवार से उगना चाहिए, जहाँ लोग साझा करते और स्वयं पर निर्भर रहते हैं, वर्ग-संघर्ष से नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
शिक्षक (“म्वालिमु”) और तंज़ानिया के पहले राष्ट्रपति: उजामा, “परिवारभाव”, वर्ग-संघर्ष के बजाय सामुदायिक जीवन पर आधारित अफ़्रीकी समाजवाद के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- उजामा (परिवारभाव)
- आत्म-निर्भरता
- मुक्ति के लिए शिक्षा
प्रभाव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
वाल्टर रॉडनी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rodney read Nyerere’s Ujamaa sympathetically as a path towards socialism while arguing that it needed the class analysis of scientific socialism. W. Rodney, “Tanzanian Ujamaa and Scientific Socialism”, African Review 1/4 (1972), pp. 61–76
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वाल्टर रॉडनी › 1942–1980
हेनरी ओडेरा ओरुका
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Odera Oruka counted Nyerere’s ujamaa in the ‘nationalist-ideological’ trend of African philosophy (‘Four Trends in Current African Philosophy’, 1981); whether Nyerere shaped his sage philosophy is uncertain. H. Odera Oruka, “Four Trends in Current African Philosophy”, in A. Diemer (ed.), Philosophy in the Present Situation of Africa (1981); Sage Philosophy (1990); J. K. Nyerere, Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism (1968)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेनरी ओडेरा ओरुका › 1944–1995
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
In “Ujamaa – The Basis of African Socialism” (1962) Nyerere rejected, without naming Marx, a “doctrinaire socialism” built on “a philosophy of inevitable conflict between man and man”: African socialism grows from the traditional extended family, not from class war. J. K. Nyerere, “Ujamaa – The Basis of African Socialism” (1962), in Freedom and Unity (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
कृतियाँ
समाजवाद मन का एक रुख़ है जो पारंपरिक अफ़्रीकी परिवार में जड़ा है, जहाँ सब काम करते हैं और कोई दूसरे का शोषण नहीं करता।
मत
In his essay on Ujamaa, “familyhood”, Nyerere argued that socialism is an attitude of mind, rooted in the traditional African family, where everyone works, goods are shared and no one lives off another’s labour. African socialism thus needed neither capitalism nor class struggle. The Arusha Declaration of 1967 made this policy, with nationalisation, a code of conduct for leaders and the aim of self-reliance; education was to serve rural life. The honest record also includes failure: in the 1970s millions of rural people were moved, often by force, into planned villages, and agriculture suffered. Tanzania was a one-party state, yet Nyerere is widely credited with forging national unity.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Julius Nyerere was born in 1922 in Butiama, Tanganyika, son of a chief of the Zanaki. He trained as a teacher at Makerere College in Uganda and studied in Edinburgh. In 1954 he founded the Tanganyika African National Union, led the country to independence in 1961 and was president of Tanzania from 1964 until he stepped down in 1985. Known as “Mwalimu”, the teacher, he died in London in 1999.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Ujamaa – The Basis of African Socialism (1962)
- Freedom and Unity (Uhuru na Umoja, 1966)
- The Arusha Declaration (1967)
- Education for Self-Reliance (1967)
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