बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
वाणिज्यिक समाज उन आवेगों पर फलते-फूलते हैं जिनकी नीतिशास्त्री निंदा करते हैं – अभिमान, दंभ, ईर्ष्या, विलासिता का प्रेम; सद्गुण बहुत हद तक चतुर राजनेताओं का आविष्कार है जो आत्म-प्रेम को साधने के लिए अभिमान की चापलूसी करते हैं, और जो राष्ट्र सचमुच ईमानदार और मितव्ययी बन जाए वह अपना व्यापार और शक्ति खो देगा।
पृष्ठभूमि
लंदन में डच मूल के चिकित्सक: “द फ़ेबल ऑफ़ द बीज़” में एक समृद्ध छत्ता दंभ, विलासिता और लालच पर जीता है और ईमानदार होते ही क्षीण हो जाता है; निजी दोष, राजनेताओं द्वारा कुशलता से संभाले जाने पर, सार्वजनिक लाभ पैदा करते हैं, और सद्गुण स्वयं चापलूसी से फूले अभिमान से उपजा।
मुख्य विचार
- निजी दोष, सार्वजनिक लाभ
- अभिमान और सद्गुण की उत्पत्ति
- विलासिता और समृद्धि
- बिना योजना के सामाजिक व्यवस्था
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
पियर बेल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mandeville took from Bayle’s Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) the view that people act from passions, not professed principles, which underlies The Fable of the Bees (1714). P. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye (1924), introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर बेल › 1647–1706
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Introducing the Treatise (1739), Hume named Mandeville, with Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and Butler, among those who began to put the science of man on a new footing. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Capital I (1867) Marx quoted the Fable of the Bees, calling Mandeville an upright man with a clear mind who saw that wealth rests on the labouring poor. K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on the general law of capitalist accumulation; B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (1714)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
जार्ज बर्कली
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Berkeley’s Alciphron (1732, Dialogue II) attacked Mandeville’s thesis that private vices are public benefits, voiced by the free-thinker Lysicles; Mandeville replied in A Letter to Dion. G. Berkeley, Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (1732), Dialogue II; B. Mandeville, A Letter to Dion (1732)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
फ्रांसिस हचेसन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) defended Shaftesbury ‘against the Author of the Fable of the Bees’, arguing that a moral sense approves benevolence independently of self-interest. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page and Treatise II; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रांसिस हचेसन › 1694–1746
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rousseau granted Mandeville that pity is natural but objected that he missed that generosity, clemency and humanity all flow from it (Second Discourse, 1755). J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité (1755), Part I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
एडम स्मिथ
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Smith called Mandeville’s system ‘wholly pernicious’: it treats every passion as vice and confuses the love of true praiseworthiness with vanity (Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, VII.ii.4). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), VII.ii.4 (“Of licentious systems”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
इमानुएल कांट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant listed Mandeville’s grounding of morality in the civil constitution among the material, heteronomous principles unfit to found moral law (Critique of Practical Reason, 1788, Ak. 5:40). I. Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788), §8, Remark II (AA V 40)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कृतियाँ
1705 की एक पद्य-दंतकथा (“द ग्रंबलिंग हाइव”), गद्य टिप्पणियों और निबंधों के साथ विस्तारित (1714, 1723 में बढ़ाई, दूसरा भाग 1729): ईमानदार हो जाने वाला समृद्ध छत्ता अपना व्यापार, कलाएँ और शक्ति खो देता है, क्योंकि वाणिज्य कामना, दंभ और विलासिता पर जीता है।
मत
Mandeville is on the map as the author of a provocative book of the Enlightenment and a forerunner of theories of unintended social order. “The Fable of the Bees” argues that commercial societies thrive on the very passions moralists condemn: pride, vanity, envy and the love of luxury create demand, employment and the arts, so that “private vices” become “public benefits” when “skilful politicians” channel them. In “An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue” he claimed that virtue was invented by lawgivers who flattered human pride to make people restrain their appetites. If virtue is defined strictly as self-denial, almost nothing in a flourishing society is virtuous – a rigorism whose ironic intent is still debated. His “Essay on Charity and Charity-Schools” (1723), which argued that educating the labouring poor would unfit them for hard work, caused a public scandal. The book provoked replies from Hutcheson, Berkeley, William Law and many others; Adam Smith called it a “licentious system” but took up much of its analysis of commerce, Kant counted Mandeville among the heteronomous moralists, and Marx quoted him with respect. Twentieth-century economists such as Hayek and Keynes rediscovered him as an early theorist of spontaneous order and of demand.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Bernard Mandeville was born in Rotterdam in November 1670 (baptised on 20 November) into a family of physicians and civic officials. He studied philosophy and medicine at Leiden, where he defended the Cartesian view that animals lack feeling in a disputation of 1689 and took his medical degree in 1691 with a thesis on digestion. His family was caught up in the Rotterdam tax riot of 1690, after which his father was banished from the city. In the 1690s Mandeville went to London, where he settled as a physician specialising in “hypochondriack and hysterick passions”, married in 1699 and wrote in English. His verse fable “The Grumbling Hive” (1705) grew into “The Fable of the Bees” (1714); the enlarged edition of 1723 was presented by the Grand Jury of Middlesex as a public nuisance. He died in Hackney on 21 January 1733.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Grumbling Hive: or, Knaves Turn’d Honest (1705)
- A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (1711)
- The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714; enlarged 1723; Part II, 1729)
- An Enquiry into the Origin of Honour, and the Usefulness of Christianity in War (1732)
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