फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस
आधुनिक जीवन भावना और रिवाज से जुड़े निकट समुदायों की जगह अनुबंधों, बाज़ारों और हिसाब लगाने वाले व्यक्तियों का समाज ले आता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
जर्मन समाजशास्त्र संघ (1909) के सह-संस्थापक और कई वर्षों तक उसके अध्यक्ष: समुदाय (Gemeinschaft) और समाज (Gesellschaft) का उनका भेद इस विषय की मूल अवधारणा-जोड़ियों में से एक बन गया।
मुख्य विचार
- Gemeinschaft और Gesellschaft
- सारभूत इच्छा बनाम मनमानी इच्छा
- जनमत की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Tönnies drew his type of Gesellschaft partly from Marx’s Capital, as a society of exchange and commodity production, and later wrote Marx: Leben und Lehre (1921). F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Marx. Leben und Lehre (1921)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
मैक्स वेबर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Weber’s concepts of communal and associative relationships (Vergemeinschaftung, Vergesellschaftung) explicitly refer to Tönnies’s ‘fundamental work’ Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (Economy and Society, 1921–22). M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1921–22), “Soziologische Grundbegriffe”; F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
फ़ेई श्याओतोंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Fei distinguished a rural society of custom and familiarity from a society of law, explicitly in Tönnies’s terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Xiangtu Zhongguo, 1947–48). Fei Xiaotong, Xiangtu Zhongguo (1947–48), “Xiangtu bense”; Liu Shiding, Beijing daxue xuebao (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़ेई श्याओतोंग › 1910–2005
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
एमिल दुरकेम
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Reviewing Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1889), Durkheim objected that modern society is no less natural and organic than community, not a mere mechanical aggregate held together by the state. É. Durkheim, review of F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Revue philosophique 27 (1889)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिनकी आलोचना की
Tönnies, an early admirer, attacked the late Nietzsche’s master morality and the fashionable cult around it (Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik, 1897). F. Tönnies, Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik (1897)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
कृतियाँ
सामाजिक जीवन के दो मूल रूप: समुदाय, जो नातेदारी, पड़ोस और “सारभूत इच्छा” से उपजा, और समाज, जो अनुबंध, विनिमय और “मनमानी इच्छा” से बना।
मत
Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) contrasts two basic forms of social life. Community grows out of “essential will” (Wesenwille): the bonds of kinship, neighbourhood and friendship, in which people belong together before they choose to, as in the family, the village and the old town. Society arises from “arbitrary” or rational will (Kürwille): individuals who remain separate join only to pursue their own ends through exchange, contract and calculation, as in the market, the big city and the modern state. Tönnies drew the second type from Hobbes and from Marx’s analysis of capitalism, and saw modern European history as a movement from community to society. He meant both as “normal concepts” – idealised types, not descriptions of real groups – and he hoped for new forms of community in cooperatives and the labour movement rather than a return to the past. His terms passed into everyday German; the word Gemeinschaft was later taken up by nationalist and Nazi rhetoric, which he opposed. He also pioneered empirical social research and studied public opinion as a force in modern society.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Ferdinand Tönnies was born in 1855 into a prosperous farming family at Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt peninsula in Schleswig. He studied philology, philosophy and history at several universities, took his doctorate in Tübingen in 1877 and qualified as a lecturer at Kiel in 1881. There he remained an unsalaried Privatdozent until 1908, partly because the Prussian authorities distrusted his sympathy for the labour movement; he became a full professor only in 1913, retired in 1916 and taught sociology again from 1921. A leading scholar of Hobbes, he co-founded the German Sociological Association in 1909 and was its president until 1933. In 1930 he joined the Social Democrats in protest against the rise of National Socialism. The Nazis dismissed him in 1933, and he died in straitened circumstances in Kiel in 1936.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Community and Society (1887)
- Hobbes. Leben und Lehre (1896)
- Der Nietzsche-Kultus (1897)
- Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung (1922)
- Einführung in die Soziologie (1931)
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