वेर्नर ज़ोम्बार्ट

कृतियाँ

• 1896समाजवाद और उन्नीसवीं सदी का सामाजिक आंदोलन (Sozialismus und soziale Bewegung im 19. Jahrhundert)

  सदी के समाजवादी सिद्धांतों और श्रमिक आंदोलनों का सर्वेक्षण, मार्क्स के प्रति सकारात्मक स्वागत के साथ; इसने ज़ोम्बार्ट की समाजवादी प्रतिष्ठा को मज़बूत किया और अनेक संशोधित संस्करणों में पुनः प्रकाशित हुआ।

• 1902आधुनिक पूँजीवाद (Der moderne Kapitalismus)

  पूँजीवाद का आर्थिक इतिहास, दो खंडों में (बाद में तीन), जो पूछता है कि एक नई आर्थिक मानसिकता, पूँजीवादी भावना, कैसे उभरी और पूँजीवाद आरंभिक से परवर्ती रूपों तक कैसे विकसित हुआ; यह मार्क्स से इस बात में भिन्न है कि उद्गम को मानसिकता से समझाता है, और मैक्स वेबर ने प्रोटेस्टेंट नीति में इसका प्रश्न उठाया।

मत

Sombart is on the map for Modern Capitalism (Der moderne Kapitalismus, 1902), which the NDB counts among the works central to the emergence of sociology in Germany. It combines an argument for the superiority of capitalism over earlier economic forms with the historical question of its origin; Sombart understood this origin as a psychogenesis, a change of economic mentality, and so differed from Marx, whom he had received positively in Socialism and the Social Movement (1896). Max Weber took up this question in the Protestant Ethic and edited the Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik with Sombart and Edgar Jaffé from 1904. In studies of 1911–13 on the causes of capitalism’s rise, among them The Jews and Economic Life, Sombart treated single aspects one-sidedly and lost theoretical rigour; the NDB records antisemitic stereotypes in a number of his writings. After the First World War he moved toward the Conservative Revolution, and in the 1920s his positions interested the far right. After 1945 the rapprochement and the antisemitic stereotypes long stood in the way of an appreciation of his work, and sociologists denied him a place among the founders of the discipline. How his Jews and capitalism thesis was received, and how he stood to National Socialism, is set out under Context & critique.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Werner Sombart was born on 19 January 1863 in Ermsleben in the Harz, the son of the landowner, industrialist and National Liberal politician Anton Sombart. He studied law, economics, history and philosophy in Pisa, Berlin and Rome, mainly with Adolph Wagner and Gustav Schmoller, and took his doctorate in 1888 under Schmoller in Berlin with a study of tenancy and wage conditions in the Roman Campagna. After some years as syndic of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce he became associate professor in Breslau in 1890. In 1906 he moved to the Berlin Handelshochschule and in 1917 to the University of Berlin, where he was made emeritus in 1931 and continued to teach. He was the last chairman of the Verein für Sozialpolitik and died in Berlin on 18 May 1941.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• The Jews and Economic Life (Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben, 1911)
• Merchants and Heroes (Händler und Helden, 1915)
• German Socialism (Deutscher Sozialismus, 1934)
• On Man (Vom Menschen, 1938)