आइज़ैया बर्लिन
अकेला छोड़ा जाना और स्वयं का स्वामी होना दो भिन्न प्रकार की स्वतंत्रताएँ हैं, और दूसरी को मोड़कर लोगों को स्वतंत्र होने के लिए बाध्य करने में बदला जा सकता है; अच्छे मूल्य सचमुच टकरा सकते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
रीगा में जन्मे ऑक्सफ़र्ड के विचार-इतिहासकार: नकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता (हस्तक्षेप से मुक्ति) को सकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता (आत्म-स्वामित्व) से अलग रखना चाहिए, जिसे ज़बरदस्ती के लाइसेंस में बदला जा सकता है; मानव-मूल्य अनेक हैं और वास्तव में टकरा सकते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- स्वतंत्रता की दो अवधारणाएँ
- मूल्य-बहुलवाद
- साही और लोमड़ी
- प्रति-प्रबोधन
शिष्य: चार्ल्स टेलर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
जामबातिस्ता विको
जिनसे प्रभावित
Berlin read Vico as the discoverer of a distinct kind of historical understanding: knowing from within what humans themselves have made (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); G. Vico, Scienza nuova (1725; 1744)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जामबातिस्ता विको › 1668–1744
योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर › 1744–1803
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
अलेक्ज़ांडर हर्ज़ेन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Berlin presented Herzen as a forerunner of pluralism who refused to sacrifice living people to historical abstractions (‘Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty’, 1955; Russian Thinkers, 1978). I. Berlin, “Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty” (1955); “Alexander Herzen” (1956); Russian Thinkers (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्ज़ांडर हर्ज़ेन › 1812–1870
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
जॉन राल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
चार्ल्स टेलर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Taylor wrote his Oxford DPhil (1961) under Isaiah Berlin’s supervision; it became The Explanation of Behaviour (1964). He later contributed ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’ (1979) to Berlin’s Festschrift. R. Abbey, Charles Taylor (2000); C. Taylor, The Explanation of Behaviour (1964)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Taylor argued against Berlin that freedom is not an ‘opportunity concept’ but an ‘exercise concept’ requiring us to discriminate among our motivations (‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, 1979). C. Taylor, “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty”, in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
जिनकी आलोचना की 4
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berlin saw in Rousseau’s general will, which can ‘force’ a citizen ‘to be free’, a source of positive liberty turned into coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), I.7
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berlin counted Fichte among the ‘enemies of human liberty’: his true self, merged with the nation, made positive liberty a licence for coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे › 1762–1814
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berlin held that Hegel’s identification of freedom with understanding rational necessity, embodied in the state, turned positive liberty into a justification of coercion (‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, 1958). I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berlin rejected the historical determinism he found in Marx, which dissolves individual choice and responsibility into impersonal historical forces (‘Historical Inevitability’, 1954). I. Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture, 1954); Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
कृतियाँ
- 1953साही और लोमड़ी
इतिहास पर तोलस्तोय के दृष्टिकोण पर निबंध: लोमड़ी कई बातें जानती है, साही एक बड़ी बात – तोलस्तोय एक लोमड़ी थे जो साही बनना चाहते थे।
ऑक्सफ़र्ड का उद्घाटन व्याख्यान: नकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता हस्तक्षेप से मुक्ति के रूप में, सकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता आत्म-स्वामित्व के रूप में – और दूसरी ज़बरदस्ती को कैसे उचित ठहरा सकती है।
मत
Berlin began among the Oxford philosophers of language and turned to the history of ideas. His biography of Karl Marx (1939) was followed by essays on Russian thinkers, on the Enlightenment and on its critics – Vico, Herder, Hamann and de Maistre, whom he called the Counter-Enlightenment. “Historical Inevitability” (1954) attacked theories of history that excuse individuals from responsibility. His Oxford inaugural lecture, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), distinguished negative liberty, the area within which a person is left alone by others, from positive liberty, being one’s own master. He argued that the second idea, through talk of a “true” or “higher” self, has repeatedly been used to justify coercing people for their own good, and he traced this in Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel and Marx. Behind this stood his value pluralism: human values such as liberty, equality, justice and mercy are many, are not reducible to one another and can genuinely conflict, so that no political order can realise them all. Charles Taylor, whom he supervised, criticised his defence of negative liberty, and others questioned whether value pluralism supports liberalism at all. The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), an essay on Tolstoy, made his distinction between thinkers with one system and thinkers of many things widely known.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Isaiah Berlin was born in 1909 in Riga into a Russian-Jewish family of timber merchants. As a child he saw the revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd; the family left in 1920 and settled in Britain in 1921. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1932 was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls. During the war he worked for British Information Services in New York and at the embassy in Washington, whose weekly political reports he drafted, and in 1945 he met the poet Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad. From 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, and he was the founding president of Wolfson College, Oxford. He was knighted in 1957, received the Order of Merit in 1971 and died in Oxford in 1997.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
- The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953)
- Historical Inevitability (1954)
- Two Concepts of Liberty (1958)
- Vico and Herder (1976)
- Russian Thinkers (1978)
- The Crooked Timber of Humanity (1990)
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