गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पीवाक
सबसे उत्पीड़ित लोग स्वयं को सुनवा नहीं सकते, क्योंकि उनके लिए बोलने वाले भी अपनी श्रेणियाँ थोप देते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
साहित्य-सिद्धांतकार और उत्तर-औपनिवेशिक सिद्धांत के संस्थापकों में से एक (और देरिदा की “ऑफ़ ग्रामेटोलॉजी” की अनुवादक): “क्या सबाल्टर्न बोल सकता है?” पूछता है कि कौन किसके लिए बोल सकता है।
मुख्य विचार
- सबाल्टर्न
- रणनीतिक सारवाद
- ज्ञानमीमांसीय हिंसा
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Spivak read Marx’s distinction between political representation (vertreten) and portrayal (darstellen) in The Eighteenth Brumaire against Foucault and Deleuze (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); “Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value”, Diacritics 15 (1985); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
जाक देरिदा
जिनसे प्रभावित
Spivak translated Derrida’s Of Grammatology (1976) with a long preface and used deconstruction to ask who speaks for the subaltern (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). J. Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. and preface G. C. Spivak (1976); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
क्रिस्टी डॉट्सन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dotson took the term ‘epistemic violence’ from Spivak’s ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ (1988) and analysed it as a failure of audiences to take up speakers’ testimony (2011). K. Dotson, “Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing”, Hypatia 26 (2011); G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्रिस्टी डॉट्सन › समकालीन
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिनकी आलोचना की
Spivak objected that Deleuze, with Foucault in ‘Intellectuals and Power’ (1972), conflates two senses of representation, speaking-for (vertreten) and portraying (darstellen) (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); M. Foucault & G. Deleuze, “Les intellectuels et le pouvoir”, L’Arc 49 (1972)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
मिशेल फूको
जिनकी आलोचना की
Spivak argued that Foucault’s analysis of power stays within Europe, ignoring the epistemic violence of imperialism and the international division of labour (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
कृतियाँ
जो पश्चिमी बुद्धिजीवी उत्पीड़ितों को बोलने देने का दावा करते हैं, वे उन्हें एक बार फिर चुप कर देते हैं।
मत
Spivak combines deconstruction, Marxism and feminism to examine how knowledge and power work across the colonial divide. In her essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” she argued that the most marginalized, above all poor women in the colonized world, are silenced twice: by colonial power and by the well-meaning Western intellectuals who claim to speak for them. She called this “epistemic violence.” To make political struggle possible without fixing identities, she proposed a “strategic essentialism,” a provisional and self-aware use of group identities. Her work became a cornerstone of postcolonial studies and shaped debates in literary theory, feminism and the humanities worldwide.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Spivak was born in Calcutta in 1942 and studied English at Presidency College there. In 1961 she went to the United States and earned her doctorate at Cornell under Paul de Man. Her translation of Derrida’s Of Grammatology, with a long preface, made her known in 1976. She has taught at Columbia University since 1991 and has long supported rural schools in West Bengal.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- In Other Worlds (1987)
- Can the Subaltern Speak? (1988)
- A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999)
- Death of a Discipline (2003)
इनमें आता है
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