चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स
आधुनिक राजनीतिक दर्शन का सामाजिक अनुबंध व्यवहार में श्वेत लोगों के बीच एक “नस्लीय अनुबंध” था – और न्याय के सिद्धांतों को इस इतिहास को अनदेखा करने के बजाय उसका सामना करना चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
नॉर्थवेस्टर्न और CUNY के जमैका में पले-बढ़े दार्शनिक: आधुनिक राजनीतिक दर्शन का सामाजिक अनुबंध वास्तव में श्वेतों के बीच एक “नस्लीय अनुबंध” था – और न्याय के सिद्धांतों को श्वेत-वर्चस्व और “श्वेत अज्ञान” का सामना करना चाहिए।
मुख्य विचार
- द रेशियल कॉन्ट्रैक्ट (नस्लीय अनुबंध)
- श्वेत अज्ञान
- आदर्श सिद्धांत की आलोचना
- अश्वेत उग्र उदारवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
फ्रेडरिक डगलस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mills read Douglass’s Fourth of July speech (1852), with its antislavery reading of the Constitution, as a test of America’s liberal ideals (‘Whose Fourth of July?’, 1998). C. W. Mills, “Whose Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass and ‘Original Intent’”, in Blackness Visible (1998); F. Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रेडरिक डगलस › 1818–1895
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mills wrote his doctorate on ideology in Marx and Engels (1985) and adapted historical materialism to race as a system of domination (From Class to Race, 2003). C. W. Mills, From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (2003); The Racial Contract (1997)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mills took up Du Bois’s ‘color line’ as a global structure of white supremacy (The Racial Contract, 1997) and later read him as a ‘Black radical liberal’ (2018). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); “W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Liberal”, in N. Bromell (ed.), A Political Companion to W. E. B. Du Bois (2018)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डब्ल्यू. ई. बी. डू बॉइस › 1868–1963
कैरोल पेटमैन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mills modelled The Racial Contract (1997) on Pateman’s The Sexual Contract, which he called its inspiration, and later wrote Contract and Domination with her (2007). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); C. Pateman and C. W. Mills, Contract and Domination (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैरोल पेटमैन › जन्म 1940
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 5
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
जॉन लॉक
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mills argued that Locke’s theory of property through labour let Native American land appear as vacant waste – part of a ‘racial contract’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mills argued that Rousseau’s ‘savages’ are always non-Europeans, and that his account of Europe’s lead through metallurgy and agriculture is historically inaccurate (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), part II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mills argued that Kant’s theory of personhood, read together with his racial theory, in practice treated non-whites as ‘sub-persons’ (‘Kant’s Untermenschen’, 2005). C. W. Mills, “Kant’s Untermenschen”, in A. Valls (ed.), Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (2005); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जॉन राल्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mills objected that Rawls’s ideal theory, assuming a well-ordered society, has little to say about racial injustice and its correction (Black Rights/White Wrongs, 2017). C. W. Mills, “‘Ideal Theory’ as Ideology”, Hypatia 20 (2005); “Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 47 (2009); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
कृतियाँ
आधुनिक राजनीतिक दर्शन के सामाजिक अनुबंध को वैसे पढ़ा गया जैसे वह व्यवहार में चला: श्वेतों के बीच एक समझौता जिसने गैर-श्वेतों को पूर्ण व्यक्ति से कम बनाया – “अज्ञान की ज्ञानमीमांसा” द्वारा टिकाया हुआ।
मत
“The Racial Contract” turned social-contract theory against itself. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant described a contract among free and equal persons; Mills argues that the real contract underlying modern European expansion was a “racial contract” among whites, which classified non-whites as less than full persons and legitimised conquest, slavery and segregation. The contract is not a metaphor for prejudice but a political system, “global white supremacy”, which mainstream political philosophy has passed over in silence. Part of it is an inverted “epistemology of ignorance”: a “white ignorance” that leaves those who benefit from domination unable to see it. In later work Mills criticised Rawls and his successors for their “ideal theory”, which assumes a well-ordered society and therefore has little to say about correcting historical injustice. His answer was not to abandon liberalism but to transform it into a “Black radical liberalism” that puts race and the legacy of racial domination at the centre of the question of justice.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Charles W. Mills (1951–2021) was born in London and grew up in Kingston, Jamaica. He studied physics at the University of the West Indies and taught it in Jamaica before turning to philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he completed a doctorate on the concept of ideology in Marx and Engels in 1985. He taught at the University of Oklahoma and for seventeen years at the University of Illinois at Chicago, then at Northwestern University as John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and, from 2016, as Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center in New York. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017 and died of cancer in 2021.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Racial Contract (1997)
- Blackness Visible (1998)
- From Class to Race (2003)
- Contract and Domination (with Carole Pateman, 2007)
- Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
इनमें आता है
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है