नॉरबर्ट एलियास
सदियों में, जैसे-जैसे राज्य बढ़े और लोग एक-दूसरे पर अधिक निर्भर हुए, उन्होंने अपनी प्रवृत्तियों पर नियंत्रण करना और वहाँ लज्जा महसूस करना सीखा जहाँ पहले की पीढ़ियों ने कुछ महसूस नहीं किया था।
पृष्ठभूमि
उन्होंने दिखाया कि राज्यों के निर्माण के साथ-साथ भोजन-शिष्टाचार, लज्जा और आत्म-नियंत्रण कैसे बदले: “सभ्यता की प्रक्रिया” समाज के इतिहास को भावनाओं के इतिहास से जोड़ती है।
मुख्य विचार
- सभ्यता की प्रक्रिया
- बाहरी बंधन से आत्म-बंधन की ओर
- “व्यक्ति बनाम समाज” के बजाय संबंध-जाल (figurations)
- स्थापित और बाहरी
गुरु: कार्ल मानहाइम
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
आगस्त काँत
जिनसे प्रभावित
Elias opened What is Sociology? (1970) with Comte, valuing his move from a philosophical to a sociological theory of knowledge as a long-term process across generations. N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970), “Soziologie – die Fragestellung Comtes”; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Elias valued Marx’s study of long-term social development but rejected the primacy of the economy, setting monopolies of violence and taxation beside it (Was ist Soziologie?, 1970). N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970); Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड
जिनसे प्रभावित
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड › 1856–1939
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Elias took Weber’s definition of the state by its monopoly of legitimate force and traced how monopolies of violence and taxation formed (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. II; M. Weber, “Politik als Beruf” (1919)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
योहान हाउज़िंगा
जिनसे प्रभावित
Elias drew on Huizinga’s picture of volatile late-medieval emotions (Autumn of the Middle Ages, 1919) as a baseline for growing affect control (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939), vol. I; J. Huizinga, Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
योहान हाउज़िंगा › 1872–1945
कार्ल मानहाइम जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Elias was Mannheim’s assistant at the University of Frankfurt from 1930 to 1933 and wrote his Habilitation thesis on court society with him; the procedure could not be completed after 1933, and the work appeared only in 1969 as Die höfische Gesellschaft. N. Elias, Über sich selbst (1990; Engl. Reflections on a Life, 1994)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कार्ल मानहाइम › 1893–1947
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Bauman argued against reading the Holocaust as a lapse of Elias’s civilising process: modern bureaucracy and rationality made it possible (Modernity and the Holocaust, 1989, ch. 1). Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (1989), ch. 1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन › 1925–2017
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Elias traced the image of the individual as a homo clausus, sealed off from others, to Descartes’ cogito, and opposed it with figurations (Civilizing Process, 1969 introduction). N. Elias, Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation, 2nd ed. (1969), Introduction; Die Gesellschaft der Individuen (1987), Part II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Elias rejected Kant’s timeless a priori categories, arguing that concepts such as time and causality are learned and developed socially over generations (Über die Zeit, 1984). N. Elias, Über die Zeit (1984); on his dissertation dispute with R. Hönigswald: Notizen zum Lebenslauf (1984)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कृतियाँ
मध्यकालीन भोजन-शिष्टाचार से आधुनिक राज्य तक: जैसे-जैसे बल के एकाधिकार और अंतर्निर्भरता की शृंखलाएँ बढ़ती हैं, बाहरी बंधन आत्म-संयम में बदल जाता है।
मत
Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939) connects two levels that are usually studied apart. Using books of manners from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Elias traced how rules about eating, blowing one’s nose, sleeping, sexuality and violence grew stricter: what was once done openly became embarrassing and was moved behind the scenes, while the thresholds of shame and disgust rose. In the second volume he linked this to the formation of states: as rulers monopolised violence and taxation, and as chains of interdependence grew longer, people had to foresee consequences and restrain themselves more. External constraint turned into self-constraint. Elias rejected the image of the individual as a closed “homo clausus” facing society; he spoke instead of “figurations”, webs of mutually dependent people whose balance of power shifts over time. The approach shaped his studies of court society, of “established and outsiders” in a community near Leicester, of sport and of the Germans. Critics, notably Zygmunt Bauman and Hans Peter Duerr, objected that the Holocaust and ethnographic evidence contradict any simple story of progress; Elias replied that civilising processes can be reversed.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Norbert Elias was born in 1897 in Breslau (now Wrocław) into a Jewish family. After serving in the First World War he studied medicine and philosophy and took his doctorate in philosophy in 1924. He moved to Heidelberg to work with Alfred Weber and in 1930 followed Karl Mannheim to Frankfurt as his assistant. In 1933 he fled to Paris and in 1935 to London, where he wrote his major work; it appeared in Switzerland in 1939 and went almost unnoticed. In 1940 he was interned as an “enemy alien”; his mother was murdered in the Holocaust. Only in 1954, at 57, did he gain a regular university post, at Leicester; from 1962 to 1964 he taught in Ghana. Recognition came late: in 1977 he was the first recipient of the Adorno Prize. He died in Amsterdam in 1990.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On the Process of Civilisation (1939)
- The Established and the Outsiders (with John L. Scotson, 1965)
- The Court Society (1969)
- What Is Sociology? (1970)
- The Society of Individuals (1987)
- Studies on the Germans (1989)
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