एडम स्मिथ
नैतिकता दूसरों के साथ अनुभव करने की हमारी क्षमता से उगती है, और मुक्त बाज़ार में अपने हित का पीछा करते लोग अक्सर बिना इरादे के समाज का भला करते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
नैतिक दार्शनिक, प्रायः आधुनिक अर्थशास्त्र के संस्थापक कहे गए: नैतिकता के आधार के रूप में सहानुभूति, बाज़ार का “अदृश्य हाथ”।
मुख्य विचार
- अदृश्य हाथ
- श्रम-विभाजन
- निष्पक्ष दर्शक
गुरु: फ्रांसिस हचेसन
शिष्य: जॉन मिलर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Smith ranked Aristotle’s virtue as a mean among the systems of propriety, saying it agrees ‘pretty exactly’ with his own account (The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759; 6th ed. 1790), part VII, sect. ii, ch. 1
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
हुगो ग्रोटियस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Ending The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Smith credited Grotius with the first attempt at a system of natural jurisprudence, which his own lectures took up. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part VII; Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. R. L. Meek et al. (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हुगो ग्रोटियस › 1583–1645
फ्रांसिस हचेसन जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Smith studied at Glasgow from 1737 to 1740 and attended Hutcheson’s lectures on moral philosophy; in 1787 he still spoke of ‘the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson’. A. Smith to A. Davidson, 16 Nov. 1787, in Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow ed.); I. S. Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रांसिस हचेसन › 1694–1746
डेविड ह्यूम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Smith developed Hume’s account of sympathy into the theory of moral judgement of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), denying that utility is the first source of approval. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part IV; D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
इमानुएल कांट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Marcus Herz called Smith Kant’s ‘favourite’ (letter of 1771); S. Fleischacker traces echoes of the Theory of Moral Sentiments in Kant’s moral philosophy. M. Herz to I. Kant, 9 July 1771; S. Fleischacker, “Philosophy in Moral Practice: Kant and Adam Smith”, Kant-Studien (1991)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जॉन मिलर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Millar attended Smith’s lectures at Glasgow in the 1750s, became Professor of Civil Law there in 1761 and carried Smith’s historical account of society forward in his Observations concerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society (1771). J. Craig, “Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar”, in J. Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (4th ed., 1806)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन मिलर › 1735–1801
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hegel cited Smith’s pin factory on the division of labour in his Jena lectures (1803–04) and named Smith among the political economists in the Philosophy of Right (1820). G. W. F. Hegel, Jenaer Systementwürfe I (1803–04); Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820); N. Waszek, The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of ‘Civil Society’ (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
हैरियट मार्टिनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हैरियट मार्टिनो › 1802–1876
येन फ़ू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Yan Fu translated The Wealth of Nations as Yuanfu (1901–02) and argued in his commentary that freeing individual economic energies would strengthen the state. Yan Fu, Yuanfu (1901–02); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
येन फ़ू › 1854–1921
एडवर्ड वेस्टरमार्क
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Westermarck drew on Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments for the disinterestedness and apparent impartiality that make retributive emotions moral (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 1906–08). E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); O. Pipatti, Morality Made Visible: Edward Westermarck’s Moral and Social Theory (2019); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडवर्ड वेस्टरमार्क › 1862–1939
अमर्त्य सेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sen took up Smith’s impartial spectator for an ‘open impartiality’ that hears voices from afar, against Rawls’s closed contract (The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); introduction to A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (2009)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अमर्त्य सेन › जन्म 1933
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 4
एडम फर्ग्यूसन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Ferguson disputed Smith’s preference for a standing army over a citizen militia (letter of 1776) and, in a manuscript dialogue, his grounding of moral approval in sympathy. Ferguson to Smith, 1776, in The Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow Edition, 1977); A. Ferguson, “Of the Principle of Moral Estimation”, ed. E. C. Mossner, Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (1960)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम फर्ग्यूसन › 1723–1816
सोफ़ी द ग्रूशी जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Grouchy translated Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments into French (1798), and her appended Letters on Sympathy accept his thesis that morality rests on sympathy. S. de Grouchy, tr., Théorie des sentiments moraux (1798), with Lettres sur la sympathie; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Grouchy’s Letters on Sympathy (1798), appended to her translation of Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, faulted Smith for not tracing sympathy to physical sensibility. S. de Grouchy, Lettres sur la sympathie (1798), Letter I; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सोफ़ी द ग्रूशी › 1764–1822
कार्ल मार्क्स जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Marx worked through Smith on wages, profit and rent in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844) and later built on his labour theory of value in Capital (1867). K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); Das Kapital I (1867); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Marx credited Smith’s labour theory of value but criticised his ‘dogma’ that commodity prices resolve into wages, profit and rent, ignoring constant capital (Capital II, 1885, ch. 19). K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), ch. 19; Theorien über den Mehrwert I (1862–63), ch. 3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स › 1820–1895
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Smith called Mandeville’s system ‘wholly pernicious’: it treats every passion as vice and confuses the love of true praiseworthiness with vanity (Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, VII.ii.4). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), VII.ii.4 (“Of licentious systems”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
कृतियाँ
सहानुभूति और निष्पक्ष दर्शक।
श्रम-विभाजन, बाज़ार और अदृश्य हाथ।
मत
Smith’s first great book explains morality through sympathy: we put ourselves in others’ place and judge our own conduct through the eyes of an “impartial spectator” within us. The Wealth of Nations then examines how prosperity arises. The division of labour multiplies productivity, and in free markets individuals pursuing their own interest are led, as if by an “invisible hand”, to promote the common good. Yet Smith warned of monopolies, collusion among merchants and the stultifying effects of monotonous work, and assigned the state essential tasks. The two works belong together: commercial society rests on moral sentiments. He is regarded as the founder of modern economics.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, Adam Smith studied in Glasgow under Francis Hutcheson and at Oxford. As professor of moral philosophy in Glasgow he became a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and a close friend of Hume. Travelling in France as a tutor, he met the physiocrats. He later served as a customs commissioner in Edinburgh and died there in 1790.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
- Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795)
इनमें आता है
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