एडमण्ड बर्क
बर्क के अनुसार, समाज जीवितों, मृतकों और अजन्मों की साझेदारी है; पीढ़ियों में पनपी संस्थाओं में किसी एक व्यक्ति के तर्क से अधिक विवेक होता है, इसलिए राज्य को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए सुधार करना चाहिए, अमूर्त अधिकारों के नाम पर ढहाना नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
ब्रिटिश संसद में आयरलैंड में जन्मे राजनेता और लेखक: उनकी आरंभिक “एन्क्वायरी” ने उदात्त को सुंदर से अलग किया; “फ़्रांस में क्रांति पर चिंतन” (1790) में उन्होंने अमूर्त अधिकारों पर टिकी राजनीति के विरुद्ध विरासत में मिली संस्थाओं और क्रमिक सुधार का बचाव किया।
मुख्य विचार
- उदात्त और सुंदर
- पीढ़ियों के पार साझेदारी के रूप में समाज
- अमूर्त अधिकारों के विरुद्ध विवेक
- संरक्षण के लिए सुधार
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Burke invoked Aristotle’s observation that a democracy has many points of resemblance with a tyranny against absolute democracy in revolutionary France (Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790). E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790); Aristotle, Politics IV.4
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
मोंतेस्क्यू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Closing An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke praised Montesquieu’s study of the English constitution as the work of a rare, wide-ranging genius. E. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); SEP “Edmund Burke”
मोंतेस्क्यू › 1689–1755
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
इमानुएल कांट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kant’s Critique of Judgement (1790) cited Burke’s Enquiry as the leading empirical, ‘physiological’ account of the sublime and the beautiful, which Kant sought to ground transcendentally. I. Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790), General Remark on the Exposition of Aesthetic Reflective Judgements; E. Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757; Ger. tr. 1773)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
हाना आरंट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Arendt took up Burke’s argument for inherited ‘rights of Englishmen’ against abstract human rights, finding it confirmed by the rightless stateless (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951). H. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951); E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
कैथरीन मैकॉले
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Macaulay answered Burke’s Reflections (1790), defending the people’s right to change their government and rejecting his appeal to inherited constitution and prejudice (Observations on the Reflections, 1790). C. Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France (1790); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैथरीन मैकॉले › 1731–1791
मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Wollstonecraft answered Burke’s Reflections in A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790), charging that his reverence for tradition defended property and privilege rather than liberty. M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट › 1759–1797
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Marx called Burke a paid ‘sycophant’ of the English oligarchy and an ‘out-and-out vulgar bourgeois’ for whom the laws of commerce were laws of God (Capital I, 1867). K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), ch. 24.6 (Engl. ed. ch. 31), note on E. Burke, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity (1795)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Burke called Rousseau ‘the insane Socrates of the National Assembly’ and attacked his ‘philosophy of vanity’ (Letter to a Member of the National Assembly, 1791). E. Burke, A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (1791)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
कृतियाँ
सुंदर, जो लघुता, चिकनाहट और नाज़ुकता से प्रसन्न करता और प्रेम जगाता है, को उदात्त से अलग करता है, जो अस्पष्टता, विशालता और शक्ति से उपजता है और आत्म-रक्षा में जड़ित “आनंददायक भय” पैदा करता है।
एक युवा फ़्रांसीसी को पत्र के रूप में लिखा: क्रांति के “मनुष्य के अधिकारों” के विरुद्ध बर्क विरासत, धर्म, संपत्ति और “पूर्वाग्रह” का पीढ़ियों की संचित प्रज्ञा के रूप में बचाव करते हैं, और भविष्यवाणी करते हैं कि क्रांति हिंसा और सैन्य शासन में समाप्त होगी।
मत
Burke is on the map for two works that shaped different fields. The “Philosophical Enquiry” (1757) gave a new account of aesthetic experience: the beautiful, marked by smallness, smoothness and gentle variation, arouses love; the sublime – vastness, obscurity, power, infinity – arises from terror held at a safe distance, a “delightful horror” connected with self-preservation. Kant discussed it in the “Critique of Judgment” as an empirical, physiological treatment of a subject that he wanted to ground transcendentally. In politics Burke became the classic critic of revolutionary rationalism. The “Reflections” (1790) argued that rights are not abstract possessions of human beings as such but an inheritance, secured by institutions that have grown over generations; society is a partnership “between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born”, and “a state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation”. Prudence, “prejudice” in the sense of inherited judgement, and reform instead of reconstruction are his watchwords. Wollstonecraft and Thomas Paine answered at once, Marx dismissed him as a paid apologist of the oligarchy, and Arendt took up his critique of abstract human rights. Burke is regarded as a founder of modern conservatism; his positions on empire, India and slavery are debated and set out under “Context & critique”.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Edmund Burke was born in Dublin on 12 January 1729 (some sources give 1730), the son of a Protestant attorney and a Catholic mother. He studied at Trinity College Dublin and in 1750 went to London to read law at the Middle Temple, but turned to writing. His “Philosophical Enquiry” into the sublime and the beautiful appeared in 1757, and from 1758 he edited the Annual Register. In 1765 he became private secretary to the Marquess of Rockingham and entered Parliament, where he sat for almost thirty years as a leading Whig. He spoke for conciliation with the American colonies and for relief of Irish Catholics, and against abuses in the rule of the East India Company, leading the impeachment of the former governor-general Warren Hastings from 1786 to 1795. His “Reflections on the Revolution in France” (1790) split the Whigs. He died at his estate near Beaconsfield on 9 July 1797.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Vindication of Natural Society (1756)
- A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
- Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (1770)
- Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)
- Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
- An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791)
- Letters on a Regicide Peace (1795–97)
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