मिखाइल बाकूनिन
बाकूनिन के अनुसार, जब तक लोगों के ऊपर राज्य या चर्च है, तब तक स्वतंत्रता असंभव है – और क्रांतिकारी राज्य केवल नए स्वामी रच देगा।
पृष्ठभूमि
रूसी क्रांतिकारी और प्रथम इंटरनेशनल में मार्क्स के बड़े विरोधी: स्वतंत्रता केवल राज्य और ईश्वर के बिना संभव है; “सर्वहारा की तानाशाही” एक नए अभिजन का शासन बन जाएगी।
मुख्य विचार
- राज्य और चर्च के विरुद्ध स्वतंत्रता
- सर्वहारा की तानाशाही की आलोचना
- “विनाश का जुनून एक सृजनात्मक जुनून है”
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे
जिनसे प्रभावित
In his Moscow years Bakunin translated Fichte’s lectures on the vocation of the scholar (1794) into Russian (1836) and passed through a Fichtean idealism before turning to Hegel. J. G. Fichte, Einige Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten (1794), Russian tr. M. Bakunin (1836); E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (1937); A. Kelly, Mikhail Bakunin (1982)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे › 1762–1814
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In ‘The Reaction in Germany’ (1842) Bakunin turned Hegel’s dialectic into a philosophy of negation, ending: ‘the passion for destruction is a creative passion, too’. M. Bakunin (as Jules Elysard), “Die Reaction in Deutschland”, Deutsche Jahrbücher (1842); E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (1937)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Bakunin took up Feuerbach’s critique of religion as the projection of human qualities onto God and turned it against the state (God and the State, 1882). M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (written 1871, publ. 1882); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism (2002)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़ › 1804–1872
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Bakunin, who knew Proudhon in Paris in the 1840s, took up his anti-statism and federalism but joined them to collective ownership (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiia (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin (2002); SEP “Anarchism”
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों › 1809–1865
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Converted to anarchism among the Bakuninist Jura watchmakers (1872), Kropotkin kept Bakunin’s anti-statism but replaced his collectivism with anarchist communism (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899); La Conquête du pain (1892); SEP “Anarchism”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन › 1842–1921
एमा गोल्डमन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Goldman took from Bakunin the view that the state and organised religion keep people dependent and a free society rests on voluntary association (Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910). E. Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910); Living My Life (1931); M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (1882)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमा गोल्डमन › 1869–1940
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
जुज़ेप्पे मात्सीनी
जिनकी आलोचना की
Bakunin answered Mazzini’s condemnation of the Paris Commune and the International by attacking his ‘political theology’ of God, duty and nation (La théologie politique de Mazzini, 1871). M. Bakunin, La théologie politique de Mazzini et l’Internationale (1871)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जुज़ेप्पे मात्सीनी › 1805–1872
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Bakunin warned that Marx’s workers’ state and ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ would produce a new privileged minority of former workers ruling over the masses (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiya (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); K. Marx, Conspectus of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy (1874–75; MECW 24)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
कृतियाँ
मार्क्स और जर्मन सामाजिक-जनवादियों के विरुद्ध: श्रमिकों के राज्य पर पूर्व श्रमिकों और विद्वानों का एक विशेषाधिकार-प्राप्त अल्पसंख्यक शासन करेगा।
- 1882ईश्वर और राज्य
उनकी मृत्यु के बाद प्रकाशित अंश: ईश्वर में विश्वास का अर्थ मनुष्यों की दासता है – “यदि ईश्वर सचमुच होता, तो उसे समाप्त करना आवश्यक होता”।
मत
Bakunin began as a left Hegelian: his essay of 1842 ends with the line that “the passion for destruction is a creative passion, too”. From the 1860s he developed a collectivist anarchism. Freedom is not the property of the isolated individual; it grows in society and exists only when all are free. The state and the church are the two great powers that keep people under tutelage, and God and the State reverses Voltaire: “if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him.” Against Marx he argued that the conquest of state power by a workers’ party would not abolish domination but hand it to a new minority of former workers and scientific experts; in Statism and Anarchy (1873) he warned against the rule of “scholars” in the name of the people. The quarrel with Marx was personal as well as theoretical, and in texts of 1869–1872 written during it, such as a reply to Moses Hess intended for the Paris paper Le Réveil, he depicted Jews as a nation of exploiters and tied Marx’s politics to his Jewish origin. Historians disagree about how central these views were to his thought. His collaboration with Sergei Nechayev in 1869–70 and the Catechism of a Revolutionary, whose authorship is disputed, have also coloured his reputation.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Mikhail Bakunin was born in 1814 on his family’s estate at Pryamukhino in Tver province. He trained at the artillery school in St Petersburg, left the army in 1835 and in Moscow became one of the leading Russian readers of Fichte and Hegel. In 1840 he went to Berlin, and in 1842 published “The Reaction in Germany” under a pseudonym. In Paris in the 1840s he befriended Proudhon and met Marx. He fought in the uprisings of Prague in 1848 and Dresden in 1849, was twice sentenced to death, handed over to Russia and held in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses, where he wrote a Confession for the Tsar. Exiled to Siberia in 1857, he escaped in 1861 via Japan and the United States. He joined the First International in 1868, was expelled at the Hague Congress in 1872 and died in Bern in 1876.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Reaction in Germany (1842)
- Confession (1851, published 1921)
- Federalism, Socialism and Anti-Theologism (1867)
- The Knouto-Germanic Empire and the Social Revolution (1870–71)
- Statism and Anarchy (1873)
- God and the State (published 1882)
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