फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स
एंगल्स के अनुसार, प्रकृति, इतिहास और चिंतन सब अंतर्विरोधों के द्वारा विकसित होते हैं, और पूँजीवाद में श्रमिकों की दुर्दशा को दर्ज किया जा सकता है और उसका अंत होना चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
मार्क्स के सहयोगी: प्रकृति और इतिहास का भौतिकवादी द्वंद्ववाद विकसित किया (जिसे बाद में “द्वंद्वात्मक भौतिकवाद” कहा गया) और इंग्लैंड में मज़दूर वर्ग की दशा का वर्णन किया।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रकृति का द्वंद्ववाद
- मज़दूर वर्ग की दशा
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
हेनरी द सेंट-साइमन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Engels credited Saint-Simon with foreseeing that the government of persons would give way to the administration of things (Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, 1880). F. Engels, Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft (French 1880, German 1882); Anti-Dühring (1878)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेनरी द सेंट-साइमन › 1760–1825
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Engels separated Hegel’s revolutionary method from his conservative system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886) and drew from the Logic the laws of dialectics set out in Dialectics of Nature. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); Dialektik der Natur (written 1873–83, publ. 1925); Anti-Dühring (1878)
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Engels recalled that Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841) made ‘us all’ Feuerbachians at once and restored materialism against Hegel’s system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886); L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़ › 1804–1872
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Engels likened Marx’s law of history to Darwin’s law of organic nature (graveside speech, 1883) and drew on Darwin for an essay on labour in human evolution (1876). F. Engels, speech at Marx’s grave (1883); “Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen” (1876, publ. 1896); letter to Marx (Dec. 1859)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
योहान याकोब बाखोफ़ेन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Engels drew on Bachofen’s Mother Right (1861) in The Origin of the Family (1884), calling the overthrow of mother right the ‘world-historical defeat of the female sex’. F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats (1884), preface to the 4th ed. (1891); J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht (1861)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
योहान याकोब बाखोफ़ेन › 1815–1887
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
After Marx’s death Engels edited Capital II (1885) and III (1894) from the manuscripts and credited the materialist conception of history mainly to Marx (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach (1886); K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), III (ed. Engels, 1894); SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Labriola turned from Herbart to historical materialism around 1890 and discussed its questions with Engels in a correspondence lasting until 1895. A. Labriola, correspondence with F. Engels (1890–95); L. Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism II (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला › 1843–1904
ज्यार्जी प्लेखानोव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Plekhanov translated Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach (1886) into Russian with his own notes (1892) and built on it and Anti-Dühring his systematic account of dialectical materialism. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), Russian tr. G. Plekhanov (1892); S. H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (1963)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज्यार्जी प्लेखानोव › 1856–1918
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the Junius Pamphlet (1916) Luxemburg invoked Engels for the alternative ‘transition to socialism or regression into barbarism’, a wording scholars trace rather to Kautsky (1892). R. Luxemburg, Die Krise der Sozialdemokratie (Junius-Broschüre, written 1915, publ. 1916); K. Kautsky, Das Erfurter Programm (1892); I. Angus, “The Origin of Rosa Luxemburg’s Slogan ‘Socialism or Barbarism’”, Climate & Capitalism (2014)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रोज़ा लुक्सेम्बुर्ग › 1871–1919
अलेक्सांद्रा कोल्लोन्ताई
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kollontai took from Engels’ Origin of the Family (1884) the thesis that women’s subordination arose with private property (The Social Basis of the Woman Question, 1909). A. Kollontai, Social’nye osnovy ženskogo voprosa (1909); F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); R. Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्सांद्रा कोल्लोन्ताई › 1872–1952
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
मारियाने वेबर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Marianne Weber rejected Engels’s scheme of an original communist, mother-right stage overturned by private property, seeing legitimate marriage as a contract protecting wives (Ehefrau und Mutter, 1907). Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung (1907); E. Höbenreich, “In the Red Light of Emotion”, Rivista di Diritto Romano 5 (2005)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मारियाने वेबर › 1870–1954
सिमोन द बोव्वार
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Beauvoir objected that Engels never explains why private property should have meant women’s subjugation, reducing an existential situation to economics (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 3; F. Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie (1884); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिमोन द बोव्वार › 1908–1986
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
एडम स्मिथ
जिनकी आलोचना की
Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Engels held that practice, experiment and industry refute Kant’s unknowable thing-in-itself: once chemistry produces alizarin, the thing-in-itself becomes a thing for us (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886), part II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग
जिनकी आलोचना की
Attending Schelling’s Berlin lectures, the young Engels defended Hegel against him and attacked his philosophy of revelation for subordinating reason to faith (Schelling und die Offenbarung, 1842). F. Engels, “Schelling über Hegel”, Telegraph für Deutschland (1841); Schelling und die Offenbarung (1842)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग › 1775–1854
कृतियाँ
मैनचेस्टर और अन्य अंग्रेज़ औद्योगिक नगरों की सामाजिक रिपोर्ताज, एंगल्स के अपने अवलोकनों और सरकारी रिपोर्टों पर आधारित।
यूरोप को एक प्रेत सता रहा है।
मत
Engels’ first major work was a vivid report on the misery of the industrial working class in England, an early classic of empirical social research. Together with Marx he wrote the Communist Manifesto and developed historical materialism. Already in Marx’s lifetime, in Anti-Dühring (1877–78, with a chapter by Marx) and in the unfinished Dialectics of Nature (written mainly 1873–83, published 1925), he presented dialectics as general laws of nature, history and thought, laying the ground for later “dialectical materialism”. After Marx’s death he did much to systematise and popularise their thought; in The Origin of the Family (1884) he linked the rise of private property and the state to the subordination of women. His accessible versions became the Marxism of the socialist parties of his day – and were later criticised as too schematic.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Son of a textile manufacturer from Barmen, Engels was sent to the family firm in Manchester, where he saw industrial poverty at first hand. From 1844 he was Marx’s closest collaborator and for decades supported him financially from his work in the business. After Marx’s death he edited the second and third volumes of Capital and became the leading voice of international socialism.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)
- The Communist Manifesto, with Marx (1848)
- Anti-Dühring (1878)
- The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)
- Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886)
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