एंथनी गिडेंस
सामाजिक संरचनाएँ हमारे ऊपर खड़ी नहीं हैं – हम उन्हें अपने रोज़मर्रा के कर्मों से जीवित रखते हैं, और उन्हें बदल सकते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
संरचनायन (structuration) का उनका सिद्धांत संरचना और कर्म के विरोध को पार करना चाहता है: सामाजिक संरचनाएँ केवल उसी में होती हैं जो लोग करते हैं, और जो लोग करते हैं वह उन्हें पुनरुत्पादित करता है। बाद में “तीसरे मार्ग” के सिद्धांतकार।
मुख्य विचार
- संरचनायन और संरचना की द्वैतता
- प्रतिबिंबात्मक आधुनिकता
- शुद्ध संबंध
- तीसरा मार्ग
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Giddens kept Marx’s dictum that people make history, though not under conditions of their own choosing, but rejected his evolutionism (A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, 1981). A. Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (1981); The Constitution of Society (1984); K. Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (1852)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
एमिल दुरकेम
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Giddens read Durkheim, beside Marx and Weber, as a theorist of industrial society and its division of labour (Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 1971; Durkheim, 1978). A. Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971); Émile Durkheim: Selected Writings (ed., 1972); Durkheim (1978)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Giddens interpreted Weber’s political sociology (1972) and drew on Weber’s state monopoly of violence for his theory of the nation-state (The Nation-State and Violence, 1985). A. Giddens, Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber (1972); The Nation-State and Violence (1985); Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Giddens took from Wittgenstein the view that knowing a rule means knowing how to go on, making practical consciousness central to structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Giddens took up Schutz’s stocks of knowledge as actors’ ‘mutual knowledge’ but objected that Schutz neglected power and unintended consequences of action (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़ › 1899–1959
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Giddens took from Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology the reflexive accountability of action, through which competent actors make conduct intelligible (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976; The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल › 1917–2011
इरविंग गोफमैन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Giddens treated Goffman as a systematic theorist of co-presence, using his analyses of encounters, front and back regions and tact in structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, The Constitution of Society (1984); “Goffman as a Systematic Social Theorist”, in P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds.), Erving Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order (1988)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
इरविंग गोफमैन › 1922–1982
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
आंद्रेआस रेकविट्ज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Reckwitz studied social theory at Cambridge (MPhil 1994), where Giddens then taught; in “Toward a Theory of Social Practices” (2002) he counts Giddens’s theory of structuration among the versions of practice theory he builds on. A. Reckwitz, “Toward a Theory of Social Practices”, European Journal of Social Theory 5:2 (2002), 243–263; A. Reckwitz, Die Transformation der Kulturtheorien (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आंद्रेआस रेकविट्ज़ › जन्म 1970
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
रेविन कॉनेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Connell read Giddens’s structuration theory as metropolitan general theory claiming universal validity while ignoring colonial experience and the global South (Southern Theory, 2007, ch. 2). R. Connell, Southern Theory (2007), ch. 2 (on Coleman, Giddens and Bourdieu)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेविन कॉनेल › जन्म 1944
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Giddens objected that Parsons’s normative functionalism turns actors into ‘cultural dopes’ and attributes needs to social systems, countering with structuration theory (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); Central Problems in Social Theory (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स › 1902–1979
कृतियाँ
- 1984समाज की रचना
संरचनायन सिद्धांत संपूर्ण रूप में: संरचनाएँ उन प्रथाओं का माध्यम भी हैं और परिणाम भी जिन्हें वे संगठित करती हैं – “संरचना की द्वैतता”।
मत
Giddens first made his name by reinterpreting the classics – Marx, Durkheim and Weber – and then set out to overcome the split between theories of structure, such as functionalism, and theories of action, such as interpretive sociology. His theory of structuration, fully set out in The Constitution of Society (1984), holds that structure and agency are not opposites. Structures – rules and resources – exist only in being drawn on by knowledgeable actors, whose actions in turn reproduce or change them, often with unintended consequences: Giddens called this the “duality of structure”. From around 1990 he turned to the nature of late modernity. Modern institutions “disembed” social relations from local contexts and stretch them across time and space through money and expert systems, which we must trust without understanding them. Tradition loses its hold, and identity becomes a reflexive project that each person must keep revising. The Transformation of Intimacy (1992) traced the rise of the “pure relationship”, which lasts only as long as both partners find it satisfying. Politically, his “Third Way” sought a renewed social democracy beyond the old left and the new right – a programme that critics accused of accommodating neoliberalism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Anthony Giddens was born in London in 1938 and grew up in Edmonton in the north of the city, the son of a clerk at London Transport; he was the first in his family to go to university. He studied sociology and psychology at Hull and took a master’s degree at the London School of Economics. From 1961 he taught at the University of Leicester, where Norbert Elias was among his colleagues, and from 1969 at Cambridge, where he became professor in 1987. In 1985 he co-founded the publisher Polity Press. From 1997 to 2003 he was director of the London School of Economics and an adviser to Tony Blair’s New Labour. He gave the BBC Reith Lectures in 1999 and was made a life peer, Baron Giddens, in 2004.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971)
- New Rules of Sociological Method (1976)
- The Constitution of Society (1984)
- The Consequences of Modernity (1990)
- Modernity and Self-Identity (1991)
- The Transformation of Intimacy (1992)
- The Third Way (1998)
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