लुई अल्थुसर
विद्यालय, चर्च और मीडिया चुपचाप हमें ऐसे विषयी बनाते हैं जो सामाजिक व्यवस्था को स्वीकार करते हैं – विचारधारा हमारे चुनने से पहले हमें संबोधित करके काम करती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
संरचनात्मक मार्क्सवाद: विचारधारात्मक राज्य-उपकरण “संबोधन” (interpellation) के माध्यम से विषयी गढ़ते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- विचारधारात्मक राज्य-उपकरण
- संबोधन (interpellation)
- ज्ञानमीमांसीय विच्छेद
गुरु: गैस्टन बैचलर्ड
शिष्य: मिशेल फूको, जाक देरिदा, पॉलिन हौंतोंजी, सुलेमान बशीर दिआन्ये
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations, claiming an ‘epistemological break’ around 1845 between the young Marx of alienation and the science of Capital (For Marx, 1965). L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
गैस्टन बैचलर्ड जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Althusser obtained his diplôme d’études supérieures in 1947 for a study of content in Hegel’s thought directed by Bachelard; Bachelard’s idea of a break between ideological and scientific concepts later shaped his ‘epistemological break’ in Marx. SEP “Louis Althusser”; L. Althusser, “Du contenu dans la pensée de G. W. F. Hegel” (1947), in Écrits philosophiques et politiques I (1994)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गैस्टन बैचलर्ड › 1884–1962
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
जाक लाकाँ
जिनसे प्रभावित
Althusser took up Lacan’s return to Freud (‘Freud and Lacan’, 1964) and modelled ideology’s imaginary relation of individuals to their conditions on Lacan’s mirror stage (1970). L. Althusser, “Freud et Lacan”, La Nouvelle Critique (1964); “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जाक लाकाँ › 1901–1981
जॉर्ज कांगियेम
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Althusser cited Canguilhem, with Bachelard and Cavaillès, as a model for reading Marx’s science through its concepts and problematics rather than as a continuous progress (Reading Capital, 1965). L. Althusser et al., Lire le Capital (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
जॉर्ज कांगियेम › 1904–1995
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
मिशेल फूको जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Foucault was a student at the École normale supérieure when Althusser became its philosophy tutor (agrégé-répétiteur, ‘caïman’) in 1948 and prepared for the agrégation (1951) under him; under Althusser’s influence he joined the Communist Party in 1950 and left it in 1953. D. Eribon, Michel Foucault (1989); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
जाक देरिदा जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Derrida entered the École normale supérieure in 1952 and prepared the agrégation under Althusser as philosophy tutor (caïman); he passed in 1956 at the second attempt and from 1964 taught at the École alongside Althusser. B. Peeters, Derrida (2010)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Poulantzas built on Althusser’s structural Marxism, treating the state as a relatively autonomous level of the social formation (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास › 1936–1979
पॉलिन हौंतोंजी जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
When Hountondji entered the École normale supérieure in 1963, Althusser, then philosophy tutor (caïman), set him a 48-hour essay to decide whether he should prepare the agrégation in philosophy; Hountondji later linked his disappointment with Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy partly to Althusser’s warning against ideology. P. J. Hountondji, “My Experience with Paul Ricœur”, Études Ricœuriennes / Ricœur Studies 12:1 (2021), 50–59
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉलिन हौंतोंजी › 1942–2024
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Žižek took up Althusser’s theory of ideology as interpellation and material ritual, arguing that interpellation never fully succeeds (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970)
स्लावोय झ़िझ़ेक › जन्म 1949
सुलेमान बशीर दिआन्ये जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Diagne trained at the École normale supérieure in the late 1970s (agrégation 1978); he recalls Althusser’s lectures there, among them one on the notion of beginning, applied to Marx. S. B. Diagne, interview with C. Fowler, In the Foreground (podcast, Clark Art Institute, 2021)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
सुलेमान बशीर दिआन्ये › जन्म 1955
जूडिथ बट्लर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Butler took up Althusser’s interpellation and asked why the hailed subject turns round, finding a passionate attachment to subjection (The Psychic Life of Power, 1997). J. Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (1997); L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État” (1970); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जूडिथ बट्लर › जन्म 1956
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
लेशेक कोवाकोव्स्की
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kołakowski concluded that Althusser’s reading of Marx reduces to commonplaces in new verbal disguise, traditional Marxist tenets repeated without explanation, or wrong historical judgements (‘Althusser’s Marx’, 1971). L. Kołakowski, “Althusser’s Marx”, The Socialist Register 8 (1971), conclusion (quoted in P. Walker’s review, International Socialism 50, 1972); Main Currents of Marxism III (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेशेक कोवाकोव्स्की › 1927–2009
स्टुअर्ट हॉल जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
स्टुअर्ट हॉल › 1932–2014
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Althusser denied that Marx merely inverted Hegel’s dialectic, contrasting Hegel’s simple contradiction and expressive totality with an overdetermined, structured whole (‘Contradiction and Overdetermination’, 1962). L. Althusser, “Contradiction et surdétermination” (1962), in Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
कृतियाँ
- 1965मार्क्स के लिए
युवा और परिपक्व मार्क्स के बीच ज्ञानमीमांसीय विच्छेद।
“अरे, तुम वहाँ!” – विचारधारा व्यक्तियों को विषयी के रूप में कैसे संबोधित करती है।
मत
Althusser read Marx against humanist interpretations. He claimed an “epistemological break” separates the young Marx, still speaking of alienation and human essence, from the mature scientific Marx of Capital. History, for him, is a “process without a subject”, structured by interlocking economic, political and ideological levels. His most influential idea concerns ideology: it is not simply false consciousness but material practices in schools, churches, family and media – the ideological state apparatuses. Ideology “interpellates” individuals as subjects, like a policeman calling “Hey, you there!”, and in turning around we become who we are supposed to be. This shaped structuralism, cultural studies and film theory.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Algeria, Althusser spent most of the Second World War in a German prisoner-of-war camp. For decades he taught at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where Foucault, Derrida and Balibar were among those around him, and was a member of the French Communist Party. In 1980, in their flat at the École normale supérieure, he strangled his wife, the sociologist and former Resistance member Hélène Rytmann; on grounds of mental illness he was declared unfit to stand trial.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- For Marx (1965)
- Reading Capital, with Balibar and others (1965)
- Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (1970)
- The Future Lasts Forever (1992)
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