पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों
प्रूधों के अनुसार, जो संपत्ति कुछ लोगों को दूसरों के काम पर जीने देती है वह चोरी है; समाज को नीचे से स्वतंत्र संघों द्वारा, राज्य के बिना, संगठित होना चाहिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
बेज़ांसों के स्वयं-शिक्षित मुद्रक और स्वयं को अराजकतावादी कहने वाले पहले व्यक्ति: “संपत्ति चोरी है”; राज्य के बजाय अनुबंधों और पारस्परिक ऋण से जुड़े स्वतंत्र संघों का महासंघ।
मुख्य विचार
- “संपत्ति चोरी है”
- पारस्परिकतावाद
- संघवाद
- शासन-रहित व्यवस्था के रूप में अराजकता
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Proudhon learned of Hegel in Paris from Marx, Bakunin and Karl Grün (1844–45) and built his System of Economic Contradictions (1846) on a dialectic of antinomies. P.-J. Proudhon, Système des contradictions économiques, ou Philosophie de la misère (1846); K. Marx, letter to J. B. Schweitzer (24 Jan. 1865); K. S. Vincent, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism (1984)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
अलेक्ज़ांडर हर्ज़ेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Herzen financed Proudhon’s paper La Voix du peuple (1849), portrayed him in My Past and Thoughts and shared his hope for a society free of state tutelage. A. Herzen, Byloe i dumy (My Past and Thoughts, 1852–68); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
अलेक्ज़ांडर हर्ज़ेन › 1812–1870
मिखाइल बाकूनिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Bakunin, who knew Proudhon in Paris in the 1840s, took up his anti-statism and federalism but joined them to collective ownership (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiia (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin (2002); SEP “Anarchism”
मिखाइल बाकूनिन › 1814–1876
लेव तोलस्तोय
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Tolstoy visited Proudhon in Brussels in 1861, the year Proudhon published La Guerre et la Paix, whose title his novel War and Peace later shared. P.-J. Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix (1861); L. N. Tolstoy, Voina i mir (1868–69)
लेव तोलस्तोय › 1828–1910
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kropotkin traced anarchism to Proudhon’s What Is Property? (1840) but rejected his mutualist payment by work in favour of distribution according to need (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, La Conquête du pain (1892); “Anarchism”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. (1910); P.-J. Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840)
पीटर क्रोपोत्किन › 1842–1921
मार्टिन बुबेर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Paths in Utopia (1946) Buber presented Proudhon as a founder of the federalist, cooperative socialism he defended, built from communities rather than from the state. M. Buber, Netivot be-utopia (1946); Pfade in Utopia (1950); SEP “Martin Buber”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन बुबेर › 1878–1965
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
कार्ल मार्क्स जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Holy Family (1845) Marx praised Proudhon’s What Is Property? (1840) for making private property itself the object of a critical examination of political economy. K. Marx and F. Engels, Die heilige Familie (1845); P.-J. Proudhon, Qu’est-ce que la propriété? (1840)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) Marx objected that Proudhon treats economic categories as eternal ideas, whereas they express historical, transitory relations of production. K. Marx, Misère de la philosophie (1847), ch. 2, first observation
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Proudhon found ‘no vestige’ of a real contract in Rousseau’s Social Contract, only a legitimation of government instead of free agreements (General Idea of the Revolution, 1851). P.-J. Proudhon, Idée générale de la Révolution au XIXe siècle (1851); H. Rosenblatt & P. Schweigert, “Rousseau and Proudhon”, in Thinking with Rousseau (2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
कृतियाँ
- 1840संपत्ति क्या है?
“संपत्ति चोरी है”: जो बिना काम किए स्वामित्व रखता है वह दूसरों के श्रम पर जीता है; उपयोग के लिए क़ब्ज़ा वैध है, अनर्जित आय के अधिकार के रूप में स्वामित्व नहीं।
हर आर्थिक संस्था – श्रम-विभाजन, प्रतिस्पर्धा, ऋण – सहायक भी है और हानिकारक भी; मार्क्स ने “दर्शन की निर्धनता” से उत्तर दिया।
मत
What Is Property? answers its own question: “property is theft.” Proudhon did not mean possession – the peasant’s field, the craftsman’s tools – but property as a right to income without work, through rent, interest and profit. Against both capitalism and a socialism run by the state he proposed “mutualism”: producers exchange their products on the basis of labour, free credit replaces interest, and contracts between free associations replace laws imposed from above. He was the first to call himself an anarchist, meaning order without rule, and in later works such as The Federative Principle (1863) he described a federation of communes and regions. His System of Economic Contradictions (1846) presented each economic institution as a contradiction to be balanced rather than abolished; Marx, who had praised the book on property, answered with The Poverty of Philosophy (1847), and the two currents later split the First International. Proudhon’s notebooks for December 1847 contain a call to expel or “exterminate” the Jews, and his writings on women, collected in the posthumous Pornocracy (1875), allow them only the roles of housewife or courtesan. Historians still debate how far these views shaped the rest of his work.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was born in Besançon in 1809, the son of a cooper and brewer. Poverty cut short his schooling, and he trained as a printer and typesetter, teaching himself Latin while setting theological texts. A scholarship from the Besançon academy took him to Paris in 1838. What Is Property? (1840) made him known; in 1844–45 he met Marx, Bakunin and Karl Grün in Paris. Elected to the National Assembly in June 1848, he edited radical newspapers and founded a People’s Bank in 1849 that soon failed. For attacks on Louis-Napoléon he spent 1849–1852 in prison. After Justice in the Revolution and in the Church (1858) he was sentenced again and fled to Belgium, returning in 1862. He died in Passy, near Paris, in 1865.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- What Is Property? (1840)
- System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty (1846)
- General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851)
- Justice in the Revolution and in the Church (1858)
- The Federative Principle (1863)
- The Political Capacity of the Working Classes (1865)
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