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ईश्वर एक प्रक्षेपण है: मनुष्य अपने सर्वोत्तम गुण स्वर्ग में रखकर उनकी उपासना करते हैं – इसलिए धर्मशास्त्र वास्तव में मानवता के बारे में है।
पृष्ठभूमि
वाम-हेगलवादी जिनकी धर्म-आलोचना मार्क्स के लिए आरंभ-बिंदु बनी: धर्म मानव-स्वभाव का प्रक्षेपण है – धर्मशास्त्र मानवशास्त्र है।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रक्षेपण-सिद्धांत
- मानवशास्त्रीय भौतिकवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) Feuerbach read Spinoza’s identification of God and nature as a step from theism towards materialism, likening him to Moses. L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Benedict Spinoza (1833); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
मिखाइल बाकूनिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Bakunin took up Feuerbach’s critique of religion as the projection of human qualities onto God and turned it against the state (God and the State, 1882). M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (written 1871, publ. 1882); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism (2002)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मिखाइल बाकूनिन › 1814–1876
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Engels recalled that Feuerbach’s Essence of Christianity (1841) made ‘us all’ Feuerbachians at once and restored materialism against Hegel’s system (Ludwig Feuerbach, 1886). F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (1886); L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
फ़्रीडरिश एंगल्स › 1820–1895
निकोलाई चेर्निशेव्स्की
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy (1860) Chernyshevsky followed Feuerbach in treating the human being as a single natural organism, against any dualism of body and soul. N. Chernyshevsky, Antropologičeskij princip v filosofii (1860); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकोलाई चेर्निशेव्स्की › 1828–1889
मार्टिन बुबेर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Buber credited Feuerbach’s Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) with discovering the Thou (What Is Man?, 1938), a source of his dialogical thought. M. Buber, What Is Man? (lectures 1938), in Between Man and Man (1947); L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); SEP “Martin Buber”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मार्टिन बुबेर › 1878–1965
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
मैक्स श्टिर्नर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Stirner charged that Feuerbach had merely replaced God with ‘Man’, another sacred spook set above the individual (The Ego and Its Own, 1844). M. Stirner, Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (1844), Part I; SEP “Max Stirner”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स श्टिर्नर › 1806–1856
कार्ल मार्क्स जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Marx turned Feuerbach’s inversion of subject and predicate against Hegel’s theory of the state (1843) and adopted his ‘species-being’ in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844). K. Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie (written 1843, printed 1927); Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); SEP “Karl Marx”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach (1845) objected that Feuerbach grasps reality only as an object of contemplation, not as practice, and abstracts human essence from social relations. K. Marx, Thesen über Feuerbach (1845; publ. by Engels 1888), Theses I and VI; SEP “Karl Marx”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Feuerbach moved to Berlin in 1824, nominally to study theology with Schleiermacher and Neander but in fact drawn by Hegel, whose lectures he heard for two years; in 1828 he sent Hegel his Erlangen dissertation with a covering letter. SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”; L. Feuerbach to G. W. F. Hegel, 22 Nov. 1828
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Feuerbach called Hegel’s speculative philosophy the last rational support of theology, inverting subject and predicate by making thought rather than sensuous being primary (Vorläufige Thesen, 1842). L. Feuerbach, Vorläufige Thesen zur Reformation der Philosophie (1842); Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Philosophie (1839); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
कृतियाँ
- 1841ईसाई धर्म का सार
ईश्वर मानवता का प्रक्षेपित सार है।
मत
Feuerbach turned theology into anthropology. In The Essence of Christianity he argued that God is nothing but humanity’s own essence – reason, love, will – projected outward and worshipped as a separate being. Religion therefore alienates people from themselves: the richer God becomes, the poorer humanity. The task is to take these qualities back and recognise them as human, so that love of humanity replaces love of God. Against Hegel’s abstract spirit he insisted on the sensuous, bodily, real human being. This critique directly inspired Marx and Engels, who wanted to extend it from religion to society, and later influenced Freud.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Feuerbach studied theology in Heidelberg before turning to philosophy under Hegel in Berlin. An anonymous early work questioning personal immortality ended his academic career. He lived for decades as a private scholar in rural Bruckberg in Franconia, became one of the leading Young Hegelians, and spent his last years in poverty near Nuremberg.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Thoughts on Death and Immortality (1830)
- The Essence of Christianity (1841)
- Provisional Theses for the Reformation of Philosophy (1843)
- Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843)
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