सैंड्रा हार्डिंग
सारा ज्ञान किसी सामाजिक स्थिति से आरंभ होता है, और हाशिये पर रखे लोगों के जीवन से आरंभ होने वाला शोध अधिक वस्तुनिष्ठ होता है, कम नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
विज्ञान की दार्शनिक: ज्ञान एक सामाजिक स्थिति से आरंभ होता है, और हाशिये के लोगों के जीवन से शोध शुरू करने से “सशक्त वस्तुनिष्ठता” मिलती है – जो कहीं से भी न देखने वाले दृष्टिकोण से अधिक कठोर है, कम नहीं।
मुख्य विचार
- स्थिति-आधारित ज्ञानमीमांसा
- सशक्त वस्तुनिष्ठता
- उत्तर-औपनिवेशिक विज्ञान-अध्ययन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Harding modelled the feminist standpoint on Marx’s analysis of how a social position, that of labour, enables knowledge hidden from the ruling class (Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 1991). S. Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women’s Lives (1991); The Science Question in Feminism (1986); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
जॉर्ज लुकाच
जिनसे प्रभावित
Harding drew on Lukács’s claim that the proletariat’s position allows insight closed to the bourgeoisie as a model for feminist standpoint theory (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज लुकाच › 1885–1971
थॉमस एस. कुहन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Harding built on the post-Kuhnian view that scientific knowledge is shaped by its historical and social setting to ask about androcentric bias (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस एस. कुहन › 1922–1996
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ
जिनसे प्रभावित
Harding drew on Dorothy Smith’s sociology from women’s standpoint in developing feminist standpoint epistemology for the sciences (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986; Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 1991). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? (1991); S. Harding (ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader (2004); D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic (1987); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ › 1926–2022
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Black Feminist Thought (1990) Collins related her epistemology to the standpoint theories surveyed by Harding (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986), grounding it in Black women’s experience. P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought (1990); S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स › जन्म 1948
उमा नारायण
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Narayan co-edited with Harding a collection that carried feminist epistemology and philosophy into postcolonial and multicultural perspectives (Decentering the Center, 2000). U. Narayan and S. Harding (eds.), Decentering the Center: Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial, and Feminist World (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
उमा नारायण › जन्म 1958
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
डोना हैरावे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Haraway answered Harding’s framing of feminist standpoint theory and ‘successor science’ with ‘situated knowledges’, a partial and embodied objectivity (Feminist Studies, 1988). D. Haraway, ‘Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective’, Feminist Studies 14 (1988); S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism, 1986
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोना हैरावे › जन्म 1944
कृतियाँ
कम विकृत विज्ञान के तीन मार्गों के रूप में नारीवादी अनुभववाद, स्थिति-सिद्धांत और उत्तर-आधुनिकतावाद।
सशक्त वस्तुनिष्ठता: हाशिये के जीवन से शोध आरंभ करना विज्ञान को अधिक वस्तुनिष्ठ बनाता है, कम नहीं।
मत
Harding’s “The Science Question in Feminism” distinguished three feminist responses to the sciences: feminist empiricism, which holds that sexism in science is bad science to be corrected by better method; standpoint theory, which holds that the perspective of the oppressed offers a less distorted view; and postmodernism, which doubts any unitary account. She developed the second, drawing on Marx’s and Lukács’s idea that the proletariat sees what the bourgeoisie cannot. The result is “strong objectivity”: because all knowledge is socially situated, objectivity is achieved not by pretending to a view from nowhere but by starting research from the lives of marginalised people, whose questions expose assumptions invisible from the centre.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Sandra Harding (1935–2025) studied at Rutgers and New York University, where she took her doctorate in 1973, taught at the University of Delaware from 1976 and then at the University of California, Los Angeles, where she was professor of education and women’s studies. She edited the journal Signs, consulted for UNESCO on science and gender, and lectured widely on feminist and postcolonial philosophy of science. She died in 2025.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Science Question in Feminism (1986)
- Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? (1991)
- Is Science Multicultural? (1998)
- Sciences from Below (2008)
इनमें आता है
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