अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
शासक वर्ग मुख्यतः बल से नहीं बल्कि संस्कृति के द्वारा सहमति जीतकर सत्ता में बने रहते हैं, इसलिए किसी भी क्रांति को पहले विचारों की लड़ाई जीतनी होगी।
पृष्ठभूमि
सांस्कृतिक वर्चस्व: प्रभुत्व केवल दमन पर नहीं, सहमति पर भी टिका होता है।
मुख्य विचार
- वर्चस्व (hegemony)
- सहज (ऑर्गेनिक) बुद्धिजीवी
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली › 1469–1527
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Norberto Bobbio argued (1967) that Gramsci’s concept of civil society, placed in the superstructure, derives from Hegel rather than Marx; the reading is debated. N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); J. Texier, “Gramsci, théoricien des superstructures” (1968)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Gramsci read Marx’s 1859 Preface, by which people become conscious of social conflicts in ideological forms, as a basis for his theory of hegemony (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); K. Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, Vorwort (1859)
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Gramsci took up Labriola’s term ‘philosophy of praxis’ and his view that Marxism is a self-sufficient philosophy, independent of materialism and idealism (prison notebooks, 1929–35). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 11 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); A. Labriola, Discorrendo di socialismo e filosofia (1898)
अंतोनियो लाब्रिओला › 1843–1904
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 10
नोरबेर्तो बोब्बियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bobbio argued that Gramsci, unlike Marx, placed civil society in the superstructure, making hegemony a matter of consent (‘Gramsci e la concezione della società civile’, 1967). N. Bobbio, “Gramsci e la concezione della società civile” (1967), in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea (1969); A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
नोरबेर्तो बोब्बियो › 1909–2004
लुई अल्थुसर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ (1970) Althusser credited Gramsci with seeing that the state includes institutions of civil society, though Reading Capital (1965) rejected his historicism. L. Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’État”, La Pensée (1970); Lire le Capital (1965), “Le marxisme n’est pas un historicisme”
लुई अल्थुसर › 1918–1990
रेमंड विलियम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Marxism and Literature (1977) Williams took up Gramsci’s distinction between rule and hegemony, describing hegemony as a lived system of meanings and values. R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (1977), “Hegemony”; A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (tr. 1971)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेमंड विलियम्स › 1921–1988
स्टुअर्ट हॉल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
स्टुअर्ट हॉल › 1932–2014
एडवर्ड सईद
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Said explained Orientalism’s durability with Gramsci’s hegemony and took from the Prison Notebooks the task of an ‘inventory’ of history’s traces in oneself (Orientalism, 1978). E. W. Said, Orientalism (1978), introduction; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडवर्ड सईद › 1935–2003
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Poulantzas took up Gramsci’s hegemony to describe how one fraction leads the ‘power bloc’ of dominant classes and secures consent (Political Power and Social Classes, 1968). N. Poulantzas, Pouvoir politique et classes sociales (1968); B. Jessop, Nicos Poulantzas (1985)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास › 1936–1979
सभी दिखाएँ (10)कम दिखाएँ
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bauman called Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks a major influence; Keith Tester traces to them his view of reality as praxis that can be otherwise (Culture as Praxis, 1973). Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (1973); K. Tester, “Paths in Zygmunt Bauman’s Social Thought”, Thesis Eleven 70 (2002); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज़िग्मंट बाउमन › 1925–2017
गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पीवाक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Spivak took Gramsci’s term ‘subaltern’, via Subaltern Studies, and asked whether those excluded from hegemonic representation can be heard (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography” (1985), in In Other Worlds (1987); “Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गायत्री चक्रवर्ती स्पीवाक › जन्म 1942
रेविन कॉनेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Connell adapted Gramsci’s hegemony to gender: hegemonic masculinity is the culturally exalted form that legitimates men’s dominance over women and subordinates other masculinities (Gender and Power, 1987). R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (1987); Masculinities (1995); R. W. Connell and J. W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society 19 (2005); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेविन कॉनेल › जन्म 1944
दिपेश चक्रवर्ती
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
As a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, named after Gramsci’s ‘subaltern classes’, Chakrabarty studied the limits of class solidarity among Bengal’s jute workers (Rethinking Working-Class History, 1989). D. Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890–1940 (1989); R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (1982), preface; A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दिपेश चक्रवर्ती › जन्म 1948
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
गाएतानो मोस्का
जिनकी आलोचना की
Gramsci reinterpreted Mosca’s ‘political class’ as ‘the intellectual category of the dominant social group’, tying elite rule back to class and hegemony (Prison Notebooks). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere (1929–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975), esp. Q. 13; A. Bianchi, “Classe política e crise da democracia na crítica de Antonio Gramsci”, Tempo Social 31/2 (2019)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गाएतानो मोस्का › 1858–1941
बेनेदितो क्रोचे जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
For Gramsci the philosophy of praxis had to do to Croce what Marx had done to Hegel, recasting Croce’s ethico-political history as a theory of hegemony (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 10 (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975); letter to T. Schucht (1932)
जिनकी आलोचना की
Gramsci called for an ‘Anti-Croce’: Croce’s ethico-political history is speculative and leaves out force and struggle, his Storia d’Europa (1932) starting only after 1815 (Notebook 10). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 10, part I (1932–35), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेनेदितो क्रोचे › 1866–1952
जोवान्नी जेंतीले
जिनकी आलोचना की
Gramsci criticised Gentile’s actual idealism as a speculative philosophy of the state and his 1923 school reform as deepening class divisions in education (Prison Notebooks, Q. 11–12). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Q. 11 and Q. 12 (1932–33), ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जोवान्नी जेंतीले › 1875–1944
कृतियाँ
वर्चस्व, नागरिक समाज और “आधुनिक राजकुमार” – 1929–35 में जेल में लिखी गईं, 1948–51 में प्रकाशित।
मत
Gramsci asked why the revolution succeeded in Russia but failed in the West. His answer: in developed societies power rests not only on coercion but on hegemony – the cultural and moral leadership through which ruling groups win the consent of the governed. This hegemony is produced in civil society: in schools, churches, media and common sense. Changing society therefore requires a long “war of position” for ideas, carried by organic intellectuals rooted in the classes they represent. Gramsci thus gave culture a central place in Marxist theory and influenced cultural studies, postcolonial theory and political strategy across the spectrum.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Gramsci grew up poor in Sardinia, studied in Turin and became involved in the factory council movement there. He co-founded the Italian Communist Party in 1921 and became its leader. Arrested by the Fascist regime in 1926, he spent the rest of his life in prison, where despite severe illness he filled some thirty notebooks. He died in 1937 shortly after his release.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Articles in L’Ordine Nuovo (1919–1920)
- Prison Notebooks (1929–1935)
- Letters from Prison (1926–1937)
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है