स्टुअर्ट हॉल
संस्कृति और मीडिया सत्ता के रणक्षेत्र हैं: दर्शक संदेशों को उलटे ढंग से पढ़ सकते हैं, और पहचानें हमेशा बनाई जा रही हैं, केवल विरासत में नहीं मिलतीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
ब्रिटिश सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन के सह-संस्थापक: मीडिया-संदेश कूटबद्ध और विकूटबद्ध होते हैं, और सांस्कृतिक पहचानें स्थिर उद्गम नहीं बल्कि स्थितियाँ हैं, जो इतिहास और सत्ता में बनती हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- कूटबद्धन/विकूटबद्धन
- वर्चस्व और “थैचरवाद”
- स्थिति-निर्धारण के रूप में पहचान
- प्रवासी समुदाय और नई नृजातीयताएँ
शिष्य: पॉल गिलरॉय
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
कार्ल मार्क्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In a close reading of Marx’s 1857 Introduction (1974) Hall derived a non-reductive method of articulation; later he sought a ‘Marxism without guarantees’ (‘The Problem of Ideology’, 1983). S. Hall, “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies 6 (1974); “The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees” (1983)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कार्ल मार्क्स › 1818–1883
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी › 1891–1937
रोलां बार्थ
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall used Barthes’s denotation and connotation, and his analysis of myth, to show how television encodes preferred meanings (‘Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse’, 1973). S. Hall, “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse”, CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper 7 (1973); R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957); Éléments de sémiologie (1964)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रोलां बार्थ › 1915–1980
रेमंड विलियम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall counted Williams’s Culture and Society (1958) and The Long Revolution (1961) among the founding texts of the ‘culturalist’ paradigm of cultural studies (‘Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms’, 1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); R. Williams, Culture and Society (1958); The Long Revolution (1961)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रेमंड विलियम्स › 1921–1988
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall reread Black Skin, White Masks (1952) for Fanon’s account of racism lived through the gaze and the body (‘The After-life of Frantz Fanon’, 1996). S. Hall, “The After-life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why Black Skin, White Masks?”, in A. Read (ed.), The Fact of Blackness (1996); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रांट्ज़ फ़ानों › 1925–1961
मिशेल फूको
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall adopted Foucault’s concept of discourse to study representation as the production of knowledge and power, not the mere reflection of meaning (‘The Work of Representation’, 1997). S. Hall (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (1997), “The Work of Representation”; SEP “Michel Foucault”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall read Poulantzas’s State, Power, Socialism as moving beyond the structuralism of his early work, towards the state as a condensation of class forces (1980). S. Hall, “Nicos Poulantzas: State, Power, Socialism”, New Left Review 119 (1980); N. Poulantzas, L’État, le pouvoir, le socialisme (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकोस पूलान्ज़ास › 1936–1979
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
पॉल गिलरॉय जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Gilroy wrote his doctoral thesis (1986) at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, which Hall had directed until 1979; the Holberg Prize biography names Hall and Richard Johnson as his supervisors. Holberg Prize, laureate biography of P. Gilroy (2019)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉल गिलरॉय › जन्म 1956
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
लुई अल्थुसर जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुई अल्थुसर › 1918–1990
कृतियाँ
मीडिया-संदेश एक अभीष्ट अर्थ के साथ कूटबद्ध किए जाते हैं, पर दर्शक उन्हें प्रभुत्वशाली, समझौतापरक या विरोधी ढंग से विकूटबद्ध कर सकते हैं।
मत
Hall helped turn the study of culture – television, youth subcultures, popular music, the press – into a serious field of social analysis. Against the idea that audiences simply absorb what the media transmit, his “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973) argued that messages are encoded within dominant codes but may be decoded in a dominant, a negotiated or an oppositional way. Drawing on Gramsci, he analysed hegemony as a never-finished struggle for consent. Policing the Crisis (1978, with colleagues) showed how a moral panic about “mugging” in the early 1970s linked race and crime and prepared the ground for authoritarian politics; in January 1979, months before Margaret Thatcher’s election, he coined the term “Thatcherism” for this new “authoritarian populism”. In his later work on race, ethnicity and diaspora Hall argued that cultural identities are not an essence rooted in a fixed past but “positionings” produced within history, language and power; Black British and Caribbean identities are made through movement and mixture. His non-reductive Marxism, open to Althusser, Foucault and Fanon but critical of every determinism, shaped cultural studies worldwide.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Stuart Hall was born in 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica, into a colour-conscious middle-class family. In 1951 he went to Merton College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar to study English, and never returned to live in Jamaica. He was a central figure of the British New Left and in 1960 became the founding editor of New Left Review. In 1964 Richard Hoggart brought him to the new Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, which he led from 1968 – at first as acting director – until 1979. He was then professor of sociology at the Open University until 1997, reaching a wide audience through its broadcast teaching. He died in London in 2014.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
- Resistance Through Rituals (co-ed., 1975)
- Policing the Crisis (with others, 1978)
- “The Great Moving Right Show” (1979)
- “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” (1990)
- Familiar Stranger (with Bill Schwarz, posthumous, 2017)
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