प्लेटो
प्लेटो के अनुसार, दृश्य संसार शाश्वत, पूर्ण प्रत्ययों की केवल प्रतिलिपि है जिन्हें केवल तर्क ग्रहण कर सकता है – और उन्हें जानना लोगों और राज्यों को न्यायपूर्ण बनाता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
अकादमी का संस्थापक: दृश्य संसार शाश्वत रूपों (Forms) की प्रतिलिपि है। ह्वाइटहेड ने यूरोपीय दर्शन को “प्लेटो की पाद-टिप्पणियों की एक शृंखला” कहा।
मुख्य विचार
- रूपों का सिद्धांत
- गुफा का रूपक
- दार्शनिक-राजा
- अनामनेसिस (सीखना स्मरण के रूप में)
गुरु: सुकरात
शिष्य: अरस्तू
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
पूथागोरास
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato followed the Pythagoreans in most things, recasting their imitation of numbers as participation in Forms; the Timaeus builds the cosmos from mathematical proportions. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a29–b14; Plato, Timaeus 31b–36d; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
पूथागोरास › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 570–495 ईसा पूर्व
हेरक्लिटस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato accepted from Heraclitus, through Cratylus, that sensible things are always in flux and cannot be known, and so posited unchanging Forms (Metaphysics I.6). Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a32–b7; Plato, Cratylus 402a; SEP “Heraclitus”
हेरक्लिटस › लगभग 535–475 ईसा पूर्व
पारमेनीडेस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Plato took over Parmenides’ contrast between unchanging being, grasped by thought, and opinion about what changes, and in the Sophist revised his ban on not-being (241d). Plato, Republic V, 476d–480a; Sophist 241d–259d; SEP “Parmenides”
पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
सुकरात जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Attested by Plato himself (Apology 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b) and by Xenophon (Memorabilia 3.6.1); Socrates himself denied being anyone’s teacher (Apology 33a). Plato, Apology 33a, 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b; Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.1
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 45
ऑगस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Augustine knew Plato mainly through the ‘books of the Platonists’ and ranked them closest to Christianity for their incorporeal God (Confessions VII; City of God VIII). Augustine, Confessions VII.9.13–10.16; City of God VIII.4–10; SEP “Augustine”
ऑगस्टीन › 354–430
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Leibniz paraphrased Plato’s Phaedo and Theaetetus (1676) and, defending innate ideas against Locke, called his own system closer to Plato’s (New Essays, written 1704). G. W. Leibniz, paraphrases of Phaedo and Theaetetus (Paris, 1676; Akademie-Ausgabe VI.3); Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (written 1704, publ. 1765), preface
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hegel read Plato’s Parmenides and Sophist as the beginning of speculative dialectic and, in the Philosophy of Right (1820), the Republic as an interpretation of Greek ethical life. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820), Preface; Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (1833); SEP “Hegel”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mill translated several of Plato’s dialogues (1834–35) and called the Socratic method of the dialogues unsurpassed as a discipline for correcting errors (Autobiography, 1873). J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), ch. 1; translations of Platonic dialogues in the Monthly Repository (1834–35)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
सोरेन किर्केगार्द
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kierkegaard read Plato’s dialogues for Socrates’ irony (On the Concept of Irony, 1841) and set Platonic recollection against the Christian moment (Philosophical Fragments, 1844). S. Kierkegaard, Om Begrebet Ironi (1841); Philosophiske Smuler (1844)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सोरेन किर्केगार्द › 1813–1855
बर्टराण्ड रसेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Russell defended universals that subsist independently of minds, calling Plato’s theory of ideas one of the most successful attempts at the problem (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 9 (“The World of Universals”)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970
सभी दिखाएँ (45)कम दिखाएँ
आर्केसिलाउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Arcesilaus presented his scepticism as a return to the questioning Plato of the dialogues, arguing against every view so that equal reasons lead to suspending assent. Cicero, Academica I.44–46; De oratore III.67; SEP “Arcesilaus”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आर्केसिलाउस › लगभग 316–241 ईसा पूर्व
सिसरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cicero modelled On the Republic and On the Laws on Plato’s Republic and Laws, ending the first with the Dream of Scipio, and translated part of the Timaeus. Cicero, De re publica VI (Somnium Scipionis); De legibus; Timaeus (translation fragment); SEP “Cicero”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Philo read Genesis through Plato’s Timaeus: God makes the world after an intelligible model, the ideas in the divine Logos (De opificio mundi). Philo, De opificio mundi 16–25; D. T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato (1986); IEP “Philo of Alexandria”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो › लगभग 20 ईसा पूर्व – 50 ईसवी
ओरीगेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Porphyry reports that Origen was always reading Plato; On First Principles takes up Platonic themes such as God’s incorporeality and the soul’s ascent (Eusebius, Church History VI.19). Eusebius, Church History VI.19 (Porphyry, Against the Christians); Origen, On First Principles I.1; IEP “Origen of Alexandria”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ओरीगेन › लगभग 185–253
प्लोटिनस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Plotinus presented his doctrines not as new but as interpretation of Plato, reading the One, Intellect and Soul out of the dialogues and Plato’s letters (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; SEP “Plotinus”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लोटिनस › 204–270
पोरफ़िरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Porphyry commented on Plato’s Timaeus and other dialogues and argued for the harmony of Plato and Aristotle, shaping how later Platonists and Boethius read Plato. Porphyry, In Timaeum (fragments, ed. A. R. Sodano, 1964); SEP “Porphyry”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पोरफ़िरी › लगभग 234–305
हाईपेशिया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hypatia taught Plato and Aristotle in Alexandria; the church historian Socrates says she headed the Platonist school descending from Plotinus (Ecclesiastical History VII.15). Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History VII.15; Synesius, Letters; E. J. Watts, Hypatia (2017)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
हाईपेशिया › लगभग 355–415
प्रोक्लस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Proclus systematised Plato as theology in the Platonic Theology and, as head of the Athenian school, commented on the Timaeus, Republic, Parmenides and First Alcibiades. Proclus, Platonic Theology; In Timaeum; In Rempublicam; In Parmenidem; In Alcibiadem; SEP “Proclus”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
प्रोक्लस › 412–485
बोएथिउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy (c. 524) summarises Plato’s Timaeus in the hymn ‘O qui perpetua’ and takes up recollection and the ascent to the Good. Boethius, Consolatio philosophiae III m. 9, III m. 11; SEP “Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius”
बोएथिउस › लगभग 477–524
जॉन फ़िलोपोनस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Against Proclus (529) Philoponus argued that the world has a beginning and claimed Plato’s Timaeus for this reading against the Neoplatonists’ eternal world. Philoponus, De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum (529); SEP “John Philoponus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन फ़िलोपोनस › लगभग 490–570
अल-राज़ी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Al-Razi built his doctrine of five eternal principles – Creator, Soul, matter, absolute time and absolute place – largely on Plato’s Timaeus. P. Adamson, Al-Razi (2021)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अल-राज़ी › लगभग 865–925
अल-फराबी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Al-Farabi modelled his virtuous city, ruled by a philosopher who is also prophet and lawgiver, on Plato’s Republic and summarised the dialogues in The Philosophy of Plato. al-Farabi, Mabadi ara ahl al-madina al-fadila, ed. R. Walzer (1985); The Philosophy of Plato, tr. M. Mahdi (1962); SEP “al-Farabi”
अल-फराबी › लगभग 872–950
इब्न रश्द
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Lacking Aristotle’s Politics, Averroes commented on Plato’s Republic (c. 1194), applying its account of degenerating regimes to the states of his own time. Averroes, Commentary on Plato’s Republic, tr. R. Lerner, Averroes on Plato’s Republic (1974); SEP “Ibn Rushd [Averroes]”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
इब्न रश्द › 1126–1198
सुहरवर्दी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Suhrawardi called Plato the leader of wisdom and identified the Platonic Forms with the lights that govern each species (Philosophy of Illumination, 1186). Suhrawardi, Hikmat al-ishraq (1186), tr. J. Walbridge & H. Ziai (1999); SEP “Suhrawardi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सुहरवर्दी › 1154–1191
गेर्सोनिदेस (लेवी बेन गेर्शोम)
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gersonides argued that the world was created from a formless body rather than from nothing, a view he aligned with Plato’s Timaeus (The Wars of the Lord, 1329). Gersonides, Milhamot ha-Shem (1329); SEP “Gersonides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेर्सोनिदेस (लेवी बेन गेर्शोम) › 1288–1344
जॉर्ज जेमिस्टोस प्लेथोन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In On the Differences (1439) Plethon defended Plato’s Forms and his God as creator against Aristotle, and named his Laws after Plato’s. G. Gemistos Plethon, De differentiis (1439); Nomoi; SEP “Byzantine Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज जेमिस्टोस प्लेथोन › लगभग 1355–1452
कूसा के निकोलस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cusanus read Plato largely through Proclus’ commentary on the Parmenides and took up Platonic participation for the relation of the many to the One (De non aliud, 1462). Nicholas of Cusa, De beryllo (1458); De non aliud (1462); SEP “Nicholas of Cusa”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कूसा के निकोलस › 1401–1464
मार्सिलियो फ़िचीनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ficino made the first complete Latin translation of Plato (printed 1484) and joined Platonism with Christian doctrine in his Platonic Theology (1482). M. Ficino, Platonis opera omnia (Florence, 1484); Theologia Platonica (1482); SEP “Marsilio Ficino”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्सिलियो फ़िचीनो › 1433–1499
जोवानी पिको देला मीरदेला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Pico expounded Plato’s doctrine of love from the Symposium in his Commento (1486) and defended the concord of Plato and Aristotle in De ente et uno (1491). G. Pico della Mirandola, Commento sopra una canzone d’amore (1486); De ente et uno (1491); SEP “Giovanni Pico della Mirandola”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जोवानी पिको देला मीरदेला › 1463–1494
एरासमुस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Erasmus took up the image of Socrates as a Silenus, ugly outside and divine within, from Plato’s Symposium for his adage ‘Sileni Alcibiadis’ (1515). Erasmus, Adagia III.iii.1 ‘Sileni Alcibiadis’ (1515); Plato, Symposium 215a–b; SEP “Desiderius Erasmus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एरासमुस › लगभग 1466–1536
गैलीलियो गैलिली
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Galileo’s Dialogo (1632) alludes to Plato’s doctrine of recollection; Koyré read his mathematical physics as Platonism, a thesis many historians qualify (‘Galileo and Plato’, 1943). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); A. Koyré, “Galileo and Plato”, Journal of the History of Ideas 4 (1943); SEP “Galileo Galilei”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गैलीलियो गैलिली › 1564–1642
तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Campanella drew on Plato’s Republic for The City of the Sun (written 1602), a community without private property, and defended Platonic community of goods (1623). T. Campanella, La città del Sole (written 1602); Quaestiones … de optima republica (1623); SEP “Tommaso Campanella”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला › 1568–1639
ऐन कॉनवे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Conway knew Plato’s legacy chiefly through Henry More and the Cambridge Platonists; her Principles (1690) take up a Platonist scale of beings through which creatures rise toward perfection. A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690; English 1692); S. Hutton, Anne Conway: A Woman Philosopher (2004); SEP “Anne Conway”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐन कॉनवे › 1631–1679
जामबातिस्ता विको
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Vico’s autobiography (1725–28) names Plato among his ‘four authors’: Plato contemplates man as he should be, Tacitus as he is, and Vico sought to join both. G. Vico, Vita di Giambattista Vico scritta da se medesimo (1725–28); SEP “Giambattista Vico”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जामबातिस्ता विको › 1668–1744
शैफ़्ट्सबरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Shaftesbury’s The Moralists (1709), a philosophical rhapsody in dialogue form, renewed Plato’s identification of beauty and goodness and the ascent from beautiful forms to their source. Shaftesbury, The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody (1709), in Characteristicks (1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शैफ़्ट्सबरी › 1671–1713
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Emile (1762) Rousseau sent readers seeking an idea of public education to Plato’s Republic, ‘not a political work’ but ‘the finest treatise on education ever written’. J.-J. Rousseau, Émile ou De l’éducation (1762), Book I; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
ह्रीहोरी स्कोवोरोडा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Skovoroda wrote Socratic dialogues on self-knowledge, such as Narcissus (c. 1770), and drew on Plato for his contrast of visible and invisible nature. H. Skovoroda, Narkiss (c. 1770); D. Chyzhevsky, Narys istorii filosofii na Ukraini (1931); IEP “Hryhorii Skovoroda”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
ह्रीहोरी स्कोवोरोडा › 1722–1794
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mendelssohn’s Phaedon (1767) recast Plato’s dialogue on the immortality of the soul, keeping its setting but replacing its arguments with proofs from modern metaphysics. M. Mendelssohn, Phädon oder über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (1767); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन › 1729–1786
फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Schleiermacher translated Plato into German (1804–28) and argued in his introductions that the dialogue form belongs to the content of Plato’s philosophy. F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke (1804–28), General Introduction; SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर › 1768–1834
फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Hyperion (1797–99) Hölderlin named the beloved after Diotima in Plato’s Symposium and, in a Platonic vein, made beauty the visible sign of the unity of all being. F. Hölderlin, Hyperion oder der Eremit in Griechenland (1797–99); Plato, Symposium
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन › 1770–1843
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
As a Tübingen student Schelling wrote a commentary on Plato’s Timaeus (1794, published 1994) that anticipates the world-soul of his philosophy of nature (On the World-Soul, 1798). F. W. J. Schelling, “Timaeus” (1794), ed. H. Buchner (1994); Von der Weltseele (1798)
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग › 1775–1854
आर्थर शोपेनहावर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Book Three of The World as Will and Representation (1819) Schopenhauer made Plato’s Ideas, as grades of the will’s objectification, the object of art and aesthetic contemplation. A. Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1819), Book Three; SEP “Arthur Schopenhauer”
आर्थर शोपेनहावर › 1788–1860
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Emerson made Plato the type of the philosopher in Representative Men (1850): ‘Out of Plato come all things that are still written and debated among men of thought.’ R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Plato; or, the Philosopher”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन › 1803–1882
पॉल नातोर्प
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Natorp’s Platos Ideenlehre (1903) reads Plato’s Ideas critically, as hypotheses of a scientific method, and finds in Plato an early idealism. SEP “Paul Natorp” (A. Kim), §1; SEP “Neo-Kantianism” (J. Heis), §2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉल नातोर्प › 1854–1924
जॉन डुई
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dewey urged a return to the ‘dramatic, restless, cooperatively inquiring Plato’ of the dialogues, rejecting the Platonic separation of knowing from doing (From Absolutism to Experimentalism, 1930). J. Dewey, “From Absolutism to Experimentalism” (1930); The Quest for Certainty (1929)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन डुई › 1859–1952
अल्फ्रेड नार्थ ह्वाइटहेड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Whitehead called the European philosophical tradition ‘a series of footnotes to Plato’ (Process and Reality, 1929) and drew on the Timaeus for his cosmology of creative process. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929); Adventures of Ideas (1933); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अल्फ्रेड नार्थ ह्वाइटहेड › 1861–1947
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
From Platos dialektische Ethik (1931) on, Gadamer took the Platonic dialogue as model of understanding, making the logic of question and answer central to Truth and Method (1960). H.-G. Gadamer, Platos dialektische Ethik (1931); Wahrheit und Methode (1960); SEP “Hans-Georg Gadamer”
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर › 1900–2002
सिमोन वेय
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Weil read Plato as a mystic whose Good and ascent from the cave prefigure grace (‘Dieu dans Platon’, in La Source grecque, 1953). S. Weil, “Dieu dans Platon”, in La Source grecque (1953); Intuitions pré-chrétiennes (1951)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिमोन वेय › 1909–1943
आइरिस मर्डोक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Murdoch took Plato’s Good, pictured as the sun, as the indefinable focus of moral attention (1970) and examined his distrust of art (The Fire and the Sun, 1977). I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970); The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists (1977); SEP “Iris Murdoch”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आइरिस मर्डोक › 1919–1999
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 12
अरस्तू जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Attested by Aristotle himself, who counts himself among the Platonists (‘we’, Metaphysics I.9, 990b9–17; ‘friends of ours’, Nicomachean Ethics I.6, 1096a11–17); his twenty years in the Academy are reported by later biographers (Diogenes Laertius 5.9). Aristotle, Metaphysics I.9, 990b9–17; Nicomachean Ethics I.6, 1096a11–17; Diogenes Laertius 5.9
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Aristotle criticised Plato’s separate Forms for explaining neither change nor knowledge – ‘empty words and poetic metaphors’ – and rejected a single Form of the Good. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.9, 990b–991b; Nicomachean Ethics I.6, 1096a11–1097a14; SEP “Aristotle’s Metaphysics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nietzsche called Plato’s invention of pure spirit and the good in itself the worst of errors, and Christianity ‘Platonism for the people’ (Beyond Good and Evil, 1886, Preface). F. Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böse (1886), Preface; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “How the True World Finally Became a Fable”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Heidegger argued that Plato’s allegory of the cave shifts truth from unconcealment to the correctness of seeing the Idea, beginning Western metaphysics (‘Platons Lehre von der Wahrheit’, 1942). M. Heidegger, “Platons Lehre von der Wahrheit” (1942; in Wegmarken, 1967); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
कार्ल पॉपर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Popper read Plato’s ideal state as a closed society and his historicism and holism as an intellectual source of modern totalitarianism (The Spell of Plato, 1945). K. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. 1: The Spell of Plato (1945); critique: R. B. Levinson, In Defense of Plato (1953)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
हाना आरंट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Arendt held that Plato’s philosopher-ruler replaced action among equals with the model of making, beginning the tradition’s escape from politics into rule (The Human Condition, 1958, § 31). H. Arendt, The Human Condition (1958), § 31 “The Traditional Substitution of Making for Acting”; “What Is Authority?”, in Between Past and Future (1961)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
जाक देरिदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In ‘Plato’s Pharmacy’ (1968) Derrida read the Phaedrus’ condemnation of writing as a pharmakon, remedy and poison, arguing that the privilege of speech depends on what it excludes. J. Derrida, “La pharmacie de Platon”, Tel Quel 32–33 (1968), repr. in La dissémination (1972); Plato, Phaedrus 274b–278b
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
सभी दिखाएँ (12)कम दिखाएँ
अन्तिस्ठेनेस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Antisthenes rejected Plato’s Forms – he saw a horse but not ‘horseness’ – and mocked Plato in a dialogue called Sathon. Simplicius, In Categorias 208.28–32; Diogenes Laertius 3.35
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अन्तिस्ठेनेस › लगभग 445–365 ईसा पूर्व
दियोगेनेस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Diogenes mocked Plato’s definitions and Forms, presenting a plucked chicken as ‘Plato’s human being’ and seeing a table but no ‘tableness’ (Diogenes Laertius 6.40, 6.53). Diogenes Laertius, Lives VI.40, VI.53; IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दियोगेनेस › लगभग 412–323 ईसा पूर्व
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Deleuze called for ‘reversing Platonism’: instead of ranking copies by their likeness to the Ideas, he affirmed the simulacrum and difference (The Logic of Sense, 1969, appendix). G. Deleuze, Logique du sens (1969), appendix I.1 “Platon et le simulacre”; Différence et répétition (1968)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
लूस इरिगरे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In Speculum (1974), ‘Plato’s Hystera’, Irigaray read the cave allegory as a womb, arguing that Platonic metaphysics turns the maternal origin into a realm of mere copies. L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974), part III “L’hystéra de Platon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लूस इरिगरे › जन्म 1930
आद्रियाना कावारेरो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Cavarero reclaimed female figures like Diotima from Plato’s patriarchal order, against a philosophy oriented to death and the abstract soul rather than birth (In Spite of Plato, 1990). A. Cavarero, Nonostante Platone (1990); Engl. In Spite of Plato (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आद्रियाना कावारेरो › जन्म 1947
लुचियानो फ़्लोरिडी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Floridi argued that the ‘user’s knowledge’ tradition inherited from Plato should be complemented, if not replaced, by constructionism: knowing as making and modelling (‘A Defence of Constructionism’, 2011). L. Floridi, “A Defence of Constructionism: Philosophy as Conceptual Engineering”, Metaphilosophy 42 (2011), 282–304; The Logic of Information (2019); Plato, Republic X, 601c–602a
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुचियानो फ़्लोरिडी › जन्म 1964
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
प्रोतागोरास
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the Theaetetus Plato argued that Protagoras’ ‘the human being is the measure of all things’ refutes itself, since it must concede that its opponents are right. Plato, Theaetetus 152a, 170e–171c; IEP “Protagoras”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्रोतागोरास › लगभग 490–420 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 399 ईसा पूर्वअपॉलॉजी (प्लेटो)
सुकरात का बचाव-भाषण: बिना परखा जीवन जीने योग्य नहीं।
- लगभग 385 ईसा पूर्वसिम्पोज़ियम (प्लेटो)
इरोस पर भाषण – सुंदर शरीर से सौंदर्य के रूप (Form) तक आरोहण।
- लगभग 380 ईसा पूर्वफीदो (प्लेटोनीय संवाद)
सुकरात का अंतिम दिन: आत्मा की अमरता के प्रमाण और रूपों का सिद्धांत।
- लगभग 375 ईसा पूर्वरिपब्लिक
न्याय क्या है? गुफा का रूपक, दार्शनिक-राजा और कवियों का निष्कासन।
- लगभग 370 ईसा पूर्वपारमेनीडेस (संवाद)
युवा सुकरात को पारमेनीडेस रूपों के सिद्धांत की कठिनाइयों में खींच ले जाते हैं।
- लगभग 370 ईसा पूर्वफ़ाइद्रोस
प्रेम और वाक्कला पर – और संदिग्ध औषधि (फ़ार्माकॉन) के रूप में लेखन पर।
- लगभग 360 ईसा पूर्वतिमाइयोस
एक सृष्टिकर्ता-शिल्पी (डेमिउर्ज) शाश्वत प्रतिरूपों के अनुसार ब्रह्मांड को गढ़ता है।
मत
Plato asked how stable knowledge and genuine goodness are possible in a world of change and mere opinion. His answer was the theory of Forms: beyond visible things stand eternal, unchanging Forms – the Just, the Beautiful, the Good itself – which the mind can grasp through reason. The allegory of the cave shows the soul’s ascent from shadows to the light of the Good. Learning is recollection of what the immortal soul once saw; the well-ordered soul mirrors the just state, in which philosophers rule.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Plato came from an aristocratic Athenian family and was a devoted follower of Socrates, whose execution shook him deeply. After travels that took him to southern Italy and Sicily, he founded the Academy in Athens around 387 BCE, the model for all later schools. He wrote some thirty dialogues, most of them with Socrates as the main speaker.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Apology (c. 399 BCE)
- Symposium (c. 385 BCE)
- Phaedo (c. 380 BCE)
- Republic (c. 375 BCE)
- Timaeus (c. 360 BCE)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘मिथक से लोगोस तक’ · 8 में से पड़ाव 7
- यात्रा ‘न्यायपूर्ण क्या है?’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 1
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है