प्लोटिनस
समस्त यथार्थ एक अकेले पूर्ण स्रोत, एकमेव (द वन), से प्रवाहित होता है, और आत्मा का लक्ष्य आंतरिक मिलन में उसकी ओर लौटना है।
पृष्ठभूमि
नव-प्लेटोवाद का संस्थापक: सब कुछ ‘एक’ से प्रवाहित होता है और उसी की ओर लौटने का प्रयास करता है।
मुख्य विचार
- ‘एक’
- उद्भव (एमानेशन)
- रहस्यवादी मिलन
शिष्य: पोरफ़िरी
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
पारमेनीडेस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Plotinus cited Parmenides’ ‘thinking and being are the same’ and found the One, Intellect and Soul in the first hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; Parmenides, DK 28 B3; SEP “Plotinus”
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पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Plotinus took over Aristotle’s self-thinking divine intellect as his second principle, Intellect, but set the One above it; Porphyry notes Aristotle’s Metaphysics is condensed in the Enneads. Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 14; Plotinus, Enneads V.3, VI.1–3; Aristotle, Metaphysics XII.9; SEP “Plotinus”
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अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 15
पोरफ़िरी जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Attested by Porphyry himself: his Life of Plotinus tells how he joined Plotinus’ circle in Rome in 263 and later edited the Enneads (Life of Plotinus 4–5, 24). Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 4–5, 24
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
पोरफ़िरी › लगभग 234–305
ऑगस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Augustine took from Plotinus, read in Latin, the turn inward and upward to an immaterial God and evil as privation of good (Confessions VII). Augustine, Confessions VII.9.13–10.16, VII.12.18; Plotinus, Enneads I.6, I.8; SEP “Augustine”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ऑगस्टीन › 354–430
प्रोक्लस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Proclus systematised the hierarchy of One, Intellect and Soul he inherited from Plotinus, adding henads and triadic procession, and rejected Plotinus’ undescended soul (Elements of Theology 211). Proclus, Elements of Theology, prop. 211; SEP “Proclus”
प्रोक्लस › 412–485
अल-फराबी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Al-Farabi’s emanation of intellects from the First Cause draws on Plotinian Neoplatonism, known in Arabic through a paraphrase circulating as the Theology of Aristotle. P. Adamson, The Arabic Plotinus (2002); SEP “al-Farabi”
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अल-फराबी › लगभग 872–950
अबू अली सीना
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Avicenna wrote notes on the Theology of Aristotle, the Arabic Plotinus, and his scheme of emanation from the Necessary Existent continues Plotinian Neoplatonism. P. Adamson, “Non-Discursive Thought in Avicenna’s Commentary on the Theology of Aristotle”, in J. McGinnis (ed.), Interpreting Avicenna (2004); SEP “Ibn Sina [Avicenna]”
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अबू अली सीना › 980–1037
आँरी बेर्गसोन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Bergson lectured on Plotinus at the Collège de France; The Two Sources (1932) saw in him the height of contemplative mysticism, which stops short of action. H. Bergson, Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion (1932); lectures on Plotinus, Collège de France; SEP “Henri Bergson”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
आँरी बेर्गसोन › 1859–1941
सभी दिखाएँ (15)कम दिखाएँ
हाईपेशिया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
The church historian Socrates says Hypatia succeeded to the Platonist school derived from Plotinus; her own writings were mathematical, and her philosophical teaching is known through Synesius. Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History VII.15; Synesius, Letters; E. J. Watts, Hypatia (2017)
हाईपेशिया › लगभग 355–415
छद्म-डायोनिसियस अरेओपागीटेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Through Proclus’ Neoplatonism Dionysius inherited the Plotinian One beyond being and made it the unknowable God of his negative theology (Divine Names; Mystical Theology). Pseudo-Dionysius, De divinis nominibus; De mystica theologia; SEP “Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite”
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छद्म-डायोनिसियस अरेओपागीटेस › लगभग 480–530
अल-किंदी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
The Arabic paraphrase of Plotinus known as the Theology of Aristotle was made in al-Kindi’s circle and corrected by him; its account of the One shaped his metaphysics. P. Adamson, The Arabic Plotinus (2002); P. Adamson, Al-Kindi (2007); SEP “al-Kindi”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
अल-किंदी › लगभग 801–873
सोलोमन इब्न गबिरोल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ibn Gabirol’s Fountain of Life follows a Neoplatonic scheme of procession from the One, adding universal matter and the divine will between God and creation. Solomon ibn Gabirol, Fons vitae (Meqor hayyim); SEP “Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron]”
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सोलोमन इब्न गबिरोल › लगभग 1021–1058
मार्सिलियो फ़िचीनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ficino translated and commented on all of Plotinus’ Enneads (printed 1492), reading him as the interpreter who unlocked Plato. M. Ficino, Plotini Enneades (Florence, 1492), proem; SEP “Marsilio Ficino”
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मार्सिलियो फ़िचीनो › 1433–1499
जोवानी पिको देला मीरदेला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Pico included fifteen theses ‘according to Plotinus’ among those of the later Platonists in his 900 Conclusions (1486), alongside theses after Porphyry, Iamblichus and Proclus. G. Pico della Mirandola, Conclusiones (Rome, 1486); S. A. Farmer, Syncretism in the West: Pico’s 900 Theses (1998)
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जोवानी पिको देला मीरदेला › 1463–1494
जर्दानो ब्रूनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the second dialogue of De la causa (1584) Bruno reproduced passages of Plotinus, read in Ficino’s Latin, for his universal intellect and world soul. G. Bruno, De la causa, principio et uno (1584), dialogue II; Plotinus, Enneads III.8, II.9 (Ficino’s translation); S. Carannante, ‘Writing against the Gnostics: World Soul, Universal Animation and Natural Production in Giordano Bruno’s Reading of Plotinus (De la causa II)’, Rinascimento 64 (2024)
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जर्दानो ब्रूनो › 1548–1600
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Emerson took the motto of Nature (1836) from Plotinus: nature is ‘but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the soul’. R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), motto; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
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राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन › 1803–1882
आल्बेर कामु
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Camus’s thesis Christian Metaphysics and Neoplatonism (1936) treated Plotinus’ union of reason and mystical ascent as a bridge from Greek thought to Augustine’s Christianity. A. Camus, Métaphysique chrétienne et néoplatonisme (1936); SEP “Albert Camus”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
आल्बेर कामु › 1913–1960
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 270एनिड्स
‘एक’ से बुद्धि और आत्मा से होते हुए पदार्थ तक – और वापस।
मत
Plotinus founded Neoplatonism. At the summit of reality stands the One, utterly simple and beyond all being and thought. From it everything flows forth in stages, like light from the sun: first Intellect (nous), which contains the Forms, then Soul, which animates the cosmos, and finally matter, the point furthest from the source. The human soul belongs to this hierarchy and can return upward through virtue, philosophy and contemplation, ultimately to a mystical union with the One, which Porphyry says Plotinus attained several times. His thought shaped Augustine, Christian and Islamic mysticism and Renaissance Platonism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Plotinus was probably born in Egypt and studied philosophy in Alexandria for eleven years with Ammonius Saccas. He joined Emperor Gordian III’s campaign against Persia, hoping to learn the wisdom of the East, and from 244 CE taught in Rome, admired by senators and by the emperor Gallienus. His pupil Porphyry edited his writings and wrote his biography.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Enneads (c. 253–270 CE, edited by Porphyry)
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