पूथागोरास
उनके नाम से जुड़ा मत है कि संख्याएँ और उनके अनुपात पूरे संसार को व्यवस्थित करते हैं – और आत्मा नए शरीरों में पुनर्जन्म लेती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
उन्हें हम केवल बाद के, प्रायः किंवदंतीपूर्ण विवरणों से जानते हैं: उन्होंने क्रोतोन में एक धार्मिक-दार्शनिक समुदाय की स्थापना की; यह विचार कि संसार संख्यात्मक अनुपातों से व्यवस्थित है और आत्माएँ जन्म-जन्मांतर में भटकती हैं, उन्हीं और उनके अनुयायियों से जोड़ा जाता है।
मुख्य विचार
- सब कुछ संख्या है
- आत्माओं का पुनर्जन्म
- गोलकों का सामंजस्य
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
थेल्स
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित ✓
Iamblichus’ Life of Pythagoras says the aged Thales received the young Pythagoras and urged him to study in Egypt; the report is legendary and traces no doctrine. Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
थेल्स › लगभग 624–546 ईसा पूर्व
अनेग्जीमेण्डर
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित ✓
Late ancient lives of Pythagoras (Porphyry, Iamblichus) name Anaximander among his teachers; the report is uncertain, and no particular doctrine can be traced from one to the other. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras; Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
अनेग्जीमेण्डर › लगभग 610–546 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 6
पारमेनीडेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Diogenes Laertius reports that the Pythagorean Ameinias, rather than Xenophanes, turned Parmenides to a life of quiet; any Pythagorean influence on his doctrine is disputed. Diogenes Laertius IX.21 (Sotion); SEP “Parmenides”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
एंपेडोक्लीज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
एंपेडोक्लीज़ › लगभग 494–434 ईसा पूर्व
प्लेटो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato followed the Pythagoreans in most things, recasting their imitation of numbers as participation in Forms; the Timaeus builds the cosmos from mathematical proportions. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a29–b14; Plato, Timaeus 31b–36d; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Philo used Pythagorean number lore, praising the hebdomad at length in his account of creation, and Clement of Alexandria called him ‘the Pythagorean’. Philo, De opificio mundi 89–128; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata I–II; D. T. Runia, ‘Why does Clement of Alexandria call Philo “the Pythagorean”?’, Vigiliae Christianae 49 (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो › लगभग 20 ईसा पूर्व – 50 ईसवी
निकोलस कोपरनिकस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the dedication of De revolutionibus (1543) Copernicus cited Pythagorean precedents for a moving earth and the Pythagoreans’ practice of passing on doctrine only to friends. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), dedication to Paul III; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निकोलस कोपरनिकस › 1473–1543
ख़ोसे वास्कोन्सेलोस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Vasconcelos took Pythagoras’ doctrine of number and harmony as the model for a theory of rhythm uniting the cosmos, art and soul (Pitágoras: una teoría del ritmo, 1916). J. Vasconcelos, Pitágoras: Una teoría del ritmo (1916); El monismo estético (1918)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे वास्कोन्सेलोस › 1882–1959
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
क्सेनोफानेस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्सेनोफानेस › लगभग 570–478 ईसा पूर्व
हेरक्लिटस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Heraclitus held that Pythagoras’ ‘much learning’ does not teach understanding, and called his wisdom ‘artful knavery’ (DK 22 B40, B129). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40, B129; SEP “Heraclitus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेरक्लिटस › लगभग 535–475 ईसा पूर्व
मत
For Pythagoras and his followers, the order of the cosmos could be expressed in number. The discovery that the musical consonances – octave, fifth and fourth – correspond to simple ratios of string lengths suggested that harmony and proportion underlie all things; later this was pictured as the “harmony of the spheres”. At the same time Pythagoras taught the immortality of the soul and its transmigration through different bodies, so that philosophy became a way of purifying the soul. This union of mathematics, cosmology and a disciplined way of life deeply influenced Plato and, through him, the whole tradition that sees mathematical structure as the key to reality.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born on the island of Samos, Pythagoras emigrated around 530 BCE to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a community bound by shared rules of life, diet and silence. The brotherhood gained political influence and was later violently opposed. He wrote nothing, and much that was attributed to him stems from later Pythagoreans and from legend.
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