फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
नीत्शे के अनुसार, ईश्वर में विश्वास ढह चुका है, इसलिए पारंपरिक नैतिकता ने अपना आधार खो दिया है – और हमें शून्यवाद में डूबने के बजाय अपने नए मूल्य स्वयं रचने होंगे।
पृष्ठभूमि
ईश्वर मर चुका है: सब मूल्यों का पुनर्मूल्यांकन, शक्ति की इच्छा और शून्यवाद के उत्तर के रूप में अतिमानव (Übermensch)।
मुख्य विचार
- शक्ति की इच्छा
- शाश्वत पुनरावर्तन
- अतिमानव
- नैतिकता की वंशावली
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 11
हेरक्लिटस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche praised Heraclitus’ eternal becoming in Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks (written 1873) and felt closest to him (Ecce Homo, 1888). F. Nietzsche, Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen (1873, unpublished); Ecce homo (1888), on The Birth of Tragedy; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
हेरक्लिटस › लगभग 535–475 ईसा पूर्व
मान्तेन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In Schopenhauer as Educator (1874) Nietzsche praised Montaigne’s honesty and cheerfulness: that such a man wrote has increased the joy of living on this earth. F. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer als Erzieher (1874); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In a postcard to Overbeck (1881) Nietzsche hailed Spinoza as his precursor, who like him denied free will, purposes, a moral world order and evil. F. Nietzsche, postcard to F. Overbeck, 30 July 1881; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
वोल्तेर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche dedicated Human, All Too Human (1878) to Voltaire’s memory on the centenary of his death, marking his turn to free-spirited critique in an Enlightenment vein. F. Nietzsche, Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (1878), dedication; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
वोल्तेर › 1694–1778
फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
As a pupil at Schulpforta Nietzsche wrote an essay recommending Hölderlin to a friend as his favourite poet (1861), at a time when Hölderlin was little read. F. Nietzsche, “Brief an meinen Freund, in dem ich ihm meinen Lieblingsdichter zum Lesen empfehle” (1861)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन › 1770–1843
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche read Emerson’s essays from his school years and put a passage from Emerson’s ‘History’ as the motto of the first edition of The Gay Science (1882). F. Nietzsche, Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1882), motto; R. W. Emerson, Essays: First Series (1841), “History”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन › 1803–1882
सभी दिखाएँ (11)कम दिखाएँ
बाल्टासर ग्रासियान
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित ✓
References to Gracián appear in Nietzsche’s writings and library; S. Santiago Romero (2017) reads the Oracle’s ‘scientific cheerfulness’ as anticipating Nietzsche’s free spirit. S. Santiago Romero, “Arte para ser dichoso. La jovialidad científica de Baltasar Gracián y su relación con Nietzsche”, Logos 27 (2017)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बाल्टासर ग्रासियान › 1601–1658
याकोब बुर्कहार्ट
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche attended Burckhardt’s lectures in Basel from 1869 and, in Twilight of the Idols (1889), invoked him as an authority on Greek culture. F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Was ich den Alten verdanke”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
याकोब बुर्कहार्ट › 1818–1897
फ़्योदोर दोस्तोयेव्स्की
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche discovered Dostoevsky in 1887 in a French translation (L’Esprit souterrain) and in Twilight of the Idols (1889) called him a psychologist he had learned from. F. Nietzsche, letter to F. Overbeck, Feb. 1887; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Streifzüge eines Unzeitgemässen”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
फ़्योदोर दोस्तोयेव्स्की › 1821–1881
कुनो फ़िशर
जिनसे प्रभावित
In 1881 Nietzsche read Fischer’s volume on Spinoza and then named Spinoza a precursor in a postcard to Overbeck. R. de Pablos Escalante, Anales del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía 33 (2016), 137–161, citing T. Brobjer, Nietzsche’s Philosophical Context (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कुनो फ़िशर › 1824–1907
फ़्रीडरिश अल्बर्ट लांगे
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
From Lange’s History of Materialism Nietzsche learned about the psychophysics of Fechner and the physiological reading of Kant, and he cited Lange as an influence, though how far this reached is contested. SEP “Friedrich Albert Lange” (N. Hussain, L. Patton, E. Widmer), §4.1, after G. Stack, Lange and Nietzsche (1983) and critical replies; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche” (R. L. Anderson), §6.2
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़्रीडरिश अल्बर्ट लांगे › 1828–1875
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 30
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Direct influence is disputed: Freud said he avoided Nietzsche, whose guesses agreed with psychoanalysis, yet took ‘das Es’ via Groddeck from Nietzsche (The Ego and the Id, 1923). S. Freud, Das Ich und das Es (1923); Selbstdarstellung (1925); R. Lehrer, Nietzsche’s Presence in Freud’s Life and Thought (1995)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ज़ीगमुंड फ़्रॉइड › 1856–1939
कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Jung read Nietzsche’s Apollonian and Dionysian as psychological types (Psychologische Typen, 1921) and interpreted Zarathustra as an expression of the unconscious in a Zurich seminar (1934–39). C. G. Jung, Psychologische Typen (1921); Nietzsche’s Zarathustra: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1934–1939, ed. J. L. Jarrett (1988)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल गुस्टाफ युंग › 1875–1961
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In his Nietzsche lectures (1936–40; publ. 1961) Heidegger read will to power and eternal recurrence as the last form of metaphysics, in which nihilism is completed. M. Heidegger, Nietzsche (2 vols., 1961; lectures 1936–40); “Nietzsches Wort ‚Gott ist tot‘” (1943), in Holzwege (1950); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) counted Nietzsche among the few after Hegel who recognised enlightenment’s dialectic, and Adorno’s Minima Moralia (1951) took up his aphoristic critique of morality. M. Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung (1947); T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia (1951); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो › 1903–1969
मिशेल फूको
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Foucault took over Nietzsche’s genealogy of descent and emergence, without origin or goal (‘Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire’, 1971), and applied it to the prison (Discipline and Punish, 1975). M. Foucault, “Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire” (1971); Surveiller et punir (1975); SEP “Michel Foucault”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
मिशेल फूको › 1926–1984
जाक देरिदा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Derrida counted Nietzsche’s play of forces and critique of truth among the sources of différance (‘La différance’, 1968) and read his styles and his ‘woman’ in Éperons (1978). J. Derrida, “La différance” (1968), in Marges de la philosophie (1972); Éperons. Les styles de Nietzsche (1978); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004
सभी दिखाएँ (30)कम दिखाएँ
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Brandes corresponded with Nietzsche from 1887, lectured on him in Copenhagen in 1888 and called his thought ‘aristocratic radicalism’, a formula Nietzsche welcomed (letters, 1887; essay, 1889). G. Brandes, “Aristokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren (1889); Brandes to Nietzsche, 26 Nov. 1887, and Nietzsche’s reply, 2 Dec. 1887, in Brandes–Nietzsche correspondence (1887–89)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस › 1842–1927
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907) Simmel read Nietzsche’s ethics as aiming at the elevation of the human type, not at egoism. G. Simmel, Schopenhauer und Nietzsche (1907); “Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine moralphilosophische Silhouette” (1896); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ज़िमेल › 1858–1918
लू आंद्रेआस-सलोमे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Her book Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werken (1894) is a study of his personality and philosophy by a woman who had met him in 1882. NDB “Andreas-Salomé, Lou” (E. Heimpel, NDB 1, 1953, pp. 284–285; read); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche” (R. L. Anderson), §1
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
लू आंद्रेआस-सलोमे › 1861–1937
मैक्स वेबर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Weber tested Nietzsche’s theory of ressentiment in his sociology of religion, accepting it only for some ethics of the disprivileged (‘Einleitung’ to Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen, 1915). M. Weber, “Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen. Einleitung”, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 41 (1915); W. Hennis, Max Webers Fragestellung (1987); SEP “Max Weber”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
लेव शेस्तोव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900) Shestov sided with Nietzsche’s revolt against morality, reading it as a search for God beyond the good. L. Shestov, Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe (1900)
लेव शेस्तोव › 1866–1938
आबी वारबर्ग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Warburg closed his Hamburg seminar on Burckhardt (1927) by pairing him with Nietzsche as two ‘seismographs’ and contrasting types of seer. A. Warburg, closing session of the Burckhardt seminar (1927), in Werke in einem Band, ed. M. Treml et al. (2010); E. H. Gombrich, Aby Warburg: An Intellectual Biography (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आबी वारबर्ग › 1866–1929
एमा गोल्डमन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Goldman took from Nietzsche, whom she discovered in Vienna (1895–96), the defence of the free individual against conformity and the ‘majority’ (Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910). E. Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910), “Minorities versus Majorities”; Living My Life (1931)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमा गोल्डमन › 1869–1940
मैक्स शेलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Scheler took over Nietzsche’s ressentiment but denied that Christian love springs from it, finding it instead in modern humanitarian morality (‘Über Ressentiment und moralisches Werturteil’, 1912). M. Scheler, “Über Ressentiment und moralisches Werturteil” (1912); “Das Ressentiment im Aufbau der Moralen”, in Vom Umsturz der Werte (1915); SEP “Max Scheler”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैक्स शेलर › 1874–1928
मुहम्मद इक़बाल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Iqbal took up Nietzsche’s call for the strong, self-affirming individual in his philosophy of the self (Asrar-i khudi, 1915), but rejected his denial of God. M. Iqbal, Asrar-i khudi (1915), tr. R. A. Nicholson, The Secrets of the Self (1920); A. Schimmel, Gabriel’s Wing (1963)
मुहम्मद इक़बाल › 1877–1938
कार्ल यास्पर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Philosophical Activity (1936) Jaspers read Nietzsche as a thinker of Existenz whose contradictions must be thought through, not resolved. K. Jaspers, Nietzsche. Einführung in das Verständnis seines Philosophierens (1936); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल यास्पर्स › 1883–1969
हिरात्सुका राइचो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hiratsuka’s Seitō manifesto (1911) drew on Zarathustra, just translated by her mentor Ikuta Chōkō, quoting it and calling for women’s hidden genius to be released. Hiratsuka Raichō, “Genshi josei wa taiyō de atta”, Seitō 1 (1911); E. I. Garaeva, Ežegodnik Japonija 48 (2019)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हिरात्सुका राइचो › 1886–1971
आल्फ्रेड बोइमलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Baeumler appropriated Nietzsche for National Socialism, recasting the will to power as heroic realism (Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker, 1931) – a reading scholarship treats as distortion. A. Baeumler, Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker (1931); M. Montinari, “Nietzsche zwischen Alfred Baeumler und Georg Lukács” (1982); S. E. Aschheim, The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany 1890–1990 (1992)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्फ्रेड बोइमलर › 1887–1968
वात्सुजी तेत्सुरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Watsuji’s first book was a study of Nietzsche (Nīche kenkyū, 1913), written before he turned to Japanese culture and to ethics. Watsuji Tetsurō, Nīche kenkyū (1913); SEP “Watsuji Tetsurō”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वात्सुजी तेत्सुरो › 1889–1960
ख़ोसे कार्लोस मारियातेगी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the foreword to Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (1928) Mariátegui said his work followed Nietzsche’s wish for an author whose thoughts form a book spontaneously, not one bent on producing a book deliberately. J. C. Mariátegui, Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (1928), “Advertencia”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे कार्लोस मारियातेगी › 1894–1930
निशितानी केइजी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism (1949) Nishitani took up Nietzsche’s diagnosis of European nihilism and his attempt to overcome it from within, as a crisis reaching Japan too. Nishitani Keiji, Nihirizumu (1949), tr. G. Parkes & S. Aihara, The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism (1990); SEP “Nishitani Keiji”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निशितानी केइजी › 1900–1990
एमिल सियोरन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Cioran’s first book, On the Heights of Despair (1934), followed Nietzsche in lyrical fragments that set lived suffering against systematic philosophy. E. Cioran, Pe culmile disperării (1934); M. Petreu, An Infamous Past: E. M. Cioran and the Rise of Fascism in Romania (2005); E. M. Cioran, Entretiens (1995)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमिल सियोरन › 1911–1995
आल्बेर कामु
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In The Rebel (1951) Camus took up Nietzsche’s diagnosis of nihilism after the death of God and his affirmation of the world, while defending him against Nazi appropriation. A. Camus, L’Homme révolté (1951), “Nietzsche et le nihilisme”; SEP “Albert Camus”
आल्बेर कामु › 1913–1960
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962) Deleuze read Nietzsche against Hegel as a thinker of affirmation, of active and reactive forces and of eternal return as selection of difference. G. Deleuze, Nietzsche et la philosophie (1962); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
ज़ाँ बोद्रियार
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Baudrillard said he had been a great devotee of Nietzsche, more ingrained than cited (Baudrillard Live, 1993); commentators link his simulacra to Nietzsche’s ‘true world’ become fable. M. Gane (ed.), Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews (1993); F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889); SEP “Jean Baudrillard”
ज़ाँ बोद्रियार › 1929–2007
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Williams used Nietzsche’s genealogy to explain values through their history, but in vindicating rather than debunking form, for the virtues of truth (Truth and Truthfulness, 2002). B. Williams, Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy (2002); “Nietzsche’s Minimalist Moral Psychology” (1993); SEP “Bernard Williams”
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003
जान्नी वात्तिमो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Vattimo read Nietzsche’s critique of the subject (Il soggetto e la maschera, 1974) and made his ‘no facts, only interpretations’ and accomplished nihilism the basis of weak thought. G. Vattimo, Il soggetto e la maschera (1974); La fine della modernità (1985); Dialogo con Nietzsche (2000)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जान्नी वात्तिमो › 1936–2023
पेटर स्लोटरदाइक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sloterdijk read The Birth of Tragedy as a staging of thinking (Der Denker auf der Bühne, 1986) and Nietzsche as a theorist of practising life (2009). P. Sloterdijk, Der Denker auf der Bühne. Nietzsches Materialismus (1986); Du mußt dein Leben ändern (2009)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पेटर स्लोटरदाइक › जन्म 1947
ब्युंग-चुल हान
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Müdigkeitsgesellschaft (2010) Han drew on Nietzsche’s call to learn to see, not to react at once to every stimulus, against the hyperactivity of the achievement society. B.-C. Han, Müdigkeitsgesellschaft (2010); F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्युंग-चुल हान › जन्म 1959
अमिया श्रीनिवासन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Srinivasan read Nietzsche’s genealogy of morals as having, beside any epistemic force, a non-epistemic power to reveal what our representations do (‘Genealogy, Epistemology and Worldmaking’, 2019). A. Srinivasan, “Genealogy, Epistemology and Worldmaking”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 119 (2019); F. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अमिया श्रीनिवासन › जन्म 1984
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Against the Nietzsche whom Brandes presented, Høffding defended a welfare ethics of the greatest happiness and rejected the great human being as the measure of culture (Tilskueren, 1889). H. Høffding, “Demokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren 1889; W. Banks (ed.), The Great Debate: Nietzsche, Culture, and the Scandinavian Welfare Society (2024)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग › 1843–1931
फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Tönnies, an early admirer, attacked the late Nietzsche’s master morality and the fashionable cult around it (Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik, 1897). F. Tönnies, Der Nietzsche-Kultus. Eine Kritik (1897)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस › 1855–1936
जॉर्ज लुकाच
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Lukács read Nietzsche as the founder of the irrationalism of the imperialist period, which prepared the ground for fascism (Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, 1954, ch. III). G. Lukács, Die Zerstörung der Vernunft (1954), ch. III (“Nietzsche als Begründer des Irrationalismus der imperialistischen Periode”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉर्ज लुकाच › 1885–1971
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
King recalled that Nietzsche’s glorification of power and attack on Christian love shook his faith in the power of love until he discovered Gandhi (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958). M. L. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (1958), ch. 6 “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
MacIntyre credited Nietzsche with exposing the failure of Enlightenment morality, but rejected his solitary great man for an Aristotelian ethics of virtues within practices (After Virtue, 1981). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), ch. 9 “Nietzsche or Aristotle?”, ch. 18
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
जिनकी आलोचना की 7
गौतम बुद्ध
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche judged Buddhism more realistic than Christianity but, like it, a religion of decadence for a weary humanity seeking release from suffering (The Antichrist, 1888, §§20–23). F. Nietzsche, Der Antichrist (1888), §§20–23
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गौतम बुद्ध › लगभग 480–400 ईसा पूर्व · प्रचलित तिथि 563–483 ईसा पूर्व
सुकरात
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche saw in Socrates the ‘theoretical man’ whose faith in reason killed tragedy (Birth of Tragedy, 1872), and later a symptom of decadence (Twilight of the Idols). F. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872), §§12–15; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Das Problem des Sokrates”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
प्लेटो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche called Plato’s invention of pure spirit and the good in itself the worst of errors, and Christianity ‘Platonism for the people’ (Beyond Good and Evil, 1886, Preface). F. Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böse (1886), Preface; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “How the True World Finally Became a Fable”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche mocked Kant’s synthetic a priori, possible ‘by virtue of a faculty’, and called the categorical imperative a danger to life (Beyond Good and Evil §11; Antichrist §11). F. Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böse (1886), §11; Der Antichrist (1888), §11
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
आर्थर शोपेनहावर जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Nietzsche discovered The World as Will and Representation in a Leipzig bookshop in 1865 and built The Birth of Tragedy (1872) on Schopenhauer’s metaphysics of will and music. F. Nietzsche, “Rückblick auf meine zwei Leipziger Jahre” (1867); Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche came to reject Schopenhauer’s morality of pity and denial of the will as a life-denying romanticism (Genealogy of Morals, 1887, Preface §5). F. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887), Preface §5; Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1887), §370
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर्थर शोपेनहावर › 1788–1860
चार्ल्स डार्विन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nietzsche’s ‘Anti-Darwin’ objected that life seeks power, not mere survival, and that the struggle favours the weak over the exceptional (Twilight of the Idols, 1889). F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), Skirmishes §14 “Anti-Darwin”; Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1887), §349; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डार्विन › 1809–1882
पॉल रे जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Working with Rée in Sorrento in 1876–77 shaped Human, All Too Human, and Rée’s Ursprung der moralischen Empfindungen gave the first impulse for the Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, Vorrede §4 (read); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche” (R. L. Anderson), §1; R. Small, Nietzsche and Rée (2005)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the preface to the Genealogy Nietzsche says he rejected nearly every inference of Rée’s book and contests its derivation of morality from altruistic valuation. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, Vorrede §4 (read)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पॉल रे › 1849–1901
कृतियाँ
- 1872त्रासदी का जन्म
अपोलोनीय और डायोनीसियाई – त्रासदी और सुकरात के हाथों उसकी मृत्यु।
- 1882आनंदमय विज्ञान
“ईश्वर मर चुका है” – और शाश्वत पुनरावर्तन का पहला सूत्रीकरण।
सबके लिए और किसी के लिए नहीं एक पुस्तक: अतिमानव।
भविष्य के दर्शन की भूमिका – दार्शनिकों के पूर्वाग्रहों के विरुद्ध।
स्वामी और दास की नैतिकता, अपराध-बोध और संन्यासी आदर्श।
मत
Nietzsche diagnosed the central event of modernity: “God is dead” – belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable, and with it the foundation of traditional morality collapses. The danger is nihilism. In his genealogy he traced morality back to its origins, arguing that values of humility and pity stem from a “slave revolt” of the weak, born of resentment. Against this he set a “revaluation of all values”: the will to power as the basic drive of life, the Übermensch as one who creates values, and the thought of eternal recurrence as a test of whether one can affirm life completely. His aphoristic, perspectival thinking shaped existentialism, postmodernism and psychology. His sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche edited and in part falsified his papers and promoted his appropriation by the Nazis, although he himself despised antisemites.
जीवन और संदर्भ
A pastor’s son from Röcken in Saxony, Nietzsche became professor of classical philology in Basel at 24 and was for years close to Richard Wagner. Ill health forced him to resign in 1879; he then lived as a wanderer in Switzerland and Italy and wrote his major books in rapid succession. After a breakdown in Turin in 1889 he spent his last decade in mental darkness.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Birth of Tragedy (1872)
- The Gay Science (1882)
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–1885)
- Beyond Good and Evil (1886)
- On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है