गैलीलियो गैलिली
प्रकृति गणितीय नियमों का पालन करती है, और हम उन्हें प्राचीन अधिकारियों पर भरोसा करके नहीं बल्कि मापने और प्रयोग करने से खोजते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्रकृति की पुस्तक गणित की भाषा में लिखी गई है (“द असेयर”, 1623): दूरबीन के प्रेक्षणों और गति के प्रयोगों से उन्होंने गणितीय-प्रायोगिक भौतिकी की नींव रखने में मदद की।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रकृति का गणितीकरण
- प्रयोग
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Galileo’s Dialogo (1632) alludes to Plato’s doctrine of recollection; Koyré read his mathematical physics as Platonism, a thesis many historians qualify (‘Galileo and Plato’, 1943). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); A. Koyré, “Galileo and Plato”, Journal of the History of Ideas 4 (1943); SEP “Galileo Galilei”
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प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
जॉन फ़िलोपोनस
जिनसे प्रभावित
In his early De motu (c. 1590) Galileo cited Philoponus, whose objections to Aristotle’s dynamics of motion in a medium and in the void he partly shared. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); SEP “Philoponus”; R. Sorabji (ed.), Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science (1987)
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जॉन फ़िलोपोनस › लगभग 490–570
जॉन ब्यूरिदन
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
Galileo’s early De motu (c. 1590) used an impressed force close to Buridan’s impetus; whether Paris impetus theory led to his mechanics, as Duhem claimed, is disputed. Galileo, De motu antiquiora (c. 1590); P. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, vol. III (1913); SEP “John Buridan”; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
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जॉन ब्यूरिदन › लगभग 1300–1360
निकोलस कोपरनिकस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Galileo defended Copernicus’ heliocentric system with telescopic evidence (Sidereus nuncius, 1610) and in the Dialogo (1632), which led to his condemnation in 1633. Galileo, Sidereus nuncius (1610); Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (1632); SEP “Galileo Galilei”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
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निकोलस कोपरनिकस › 1473–1543
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In his Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed 1622) Campanella defended Galileo’s freedom to pursue Copernican astronomy and held it compatible with Scripture. T. Campanella, Apologia pro Galilaeo (written 1616, printed Frankfurt 1622); SEP “Tommaso Campanella”
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तोम्माज़ो काम्पानेल्ला › 1568–1639
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
पियर गासेंदी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gassendi corresponded with Galileo and tested his principle of shared motion by dropping stones from a moving ship’s mast (On Motion Impressed by a Moving Mover, 1642). P. Gassendi, De motu impresso a motore translato (1642); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
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पियर गासेंदी › 1592–1655
आइज़क न्यूटन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
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आइज़क न्यूटन › 1643–1727
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Galileo argued against Aristotle’s physics – that heavier bodies fall faster and the heavens cannot change – in the Dialogue (1632) and Two New Sciences (1638). Galileo, Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi (1632), Day 1; Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche (1638), Day 1; SEP “Galileo Galilei”
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अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
कोपरनिकस बनाम टॉलेमी – वह पुस्तक जो मुक़दमे तक ले गई।
मत
Galileo showed how nature should be studied: by combining precise experiment with mathematical reasoning. The book of nature, he wrote, is written in the language of mathematics, in triangles, circles and other figures. He separated measurable “primary” qualities such as size, shape and motion from “secondary” ones such as colour and taste, which exist only in the perceiver. His laws of falling bodies and his principle of inertia overturned Aristotelian physics. In his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina he quoted a churchman, usually identified as Cardinal Baronius: the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. His conflict with the Church became the lasting emblem of the struggle between science and authority.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Pisa in 1564, Galileo taught mathematics in Pisa and Padua. With a telescope he built in 1609 he discovered the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and mountains on the moon, and became court mathematician in Florence. His defence of Copernicus led to his trial by the Inquisition in 1633; he spent his last years under house arrest near Florence and died in 1642.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Starry Messenger (1610)
- Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
- The Assayer (1623)
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
- Two New Sciences (1638)
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