फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर
धर्म मत-सिद्धांत या नैतिकता नहीं बल्कि किसी महत्तर पर पूर्ण निर्भरता की भावना है – और किसी पाठ को समझने का अर्थ उसके रचयिता के मन को फिर से जीना है।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्रायः आधुनिक व्याख्याशास्त्र के संस्थापक माने जाते हैं; धर्म “परम निर्भरता की अनुभूति” के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- व्याख्याशास्त्र
- व्याख्यात्मक चक्र
- परम निर्भरता की अनुभूति
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schleiermacher translated Plato into German (1804–28) and argued in his introductions that the dialogue form belongs to the content of Plato’s philosophy. F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke (1804–28), General Introduction; SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनसे प्रभावित
In On Religion (1799) Schleiermacher asked his readers to offer a lock of hair to the shade of ‘the holy, rejected Spinoza’, pervaded by the world-spirit. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (1799), Second Speech; SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schleiermacher’s early essays On the Highest Good (1789) and On Freedom (1790–92) worked through Kant’s ethics, rejecting its linking of virtue and happiness in the highest good. F. Schleiermacher, Über das höchste Gut (1789); Über die Freiheit (1790–92); SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schleiermacher first studied Spinoza through Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (1785) and set down what he learned in notes, including a ‘Short Presentation of the Spinozist System’ (1793–94). F. Schleiermacher, Spinozismus; Kurze Darstellung des Spinozistischen Systems (1793–94); F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (1785); SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी › 1743–1819
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Dilthey wrote a Life of Schleiermacher (1870) and in ‘The Rise of Hermeneutics’ (1900) took Schleiermacher’s art of understanding as the basis of the human sciences. W. Dilthey, Leben Schleiermachers I (1870); “Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik” (1900); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई › 1833–1911
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Hegel objected that if religion were the feeling of absolute dependence, a dog would be the best Christian (Foreword to Hinrichs, 1822), aiming at Schleiermacher’s Christian Faith. G. W. F. Hegel, Foreword to H. F. W. Hinrichs, Die Religion im inneren Verhältnisse zur Wissenschaft (1822); F. Schleiermacher, Der christliche Glaube (1821–22)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gadamer credited Schleiermacher with a universal hermeneutics and kept his circle of part and whole, shifting it to the subject matter (Truth and Method, 1960). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960); F. Schleiermacher, Hermeneutik und Kritik (ed. F. Lücke, 1838); SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Gadamer criticised Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics for aiming to reconstruct the author’s individual intention, detaching understanding from the subject matter and from tradition (Truth and Method, 1960, part II). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960), part I (“Rekonstruktion und Integration”) and part II, section I.1; SEP “Hans-Georg Gadamer”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हंस-गेऑर्ग गादामर › 1900–2002
कृतियाँ
धर्म अनंत का बोध और रसास्वादन है।
समझने की कला: व्याकरणिक और मनोवैज्ञानिक व्याख्या।
मत
Schleiermacher answered the Enlightenment critique of religion by relocating faith: religion is neither metaphysics nor morality but “sense and taste for the infinite”, and later the “feeling of absolute dependence”. This earned him the title of father of modern Protestant theology. Equally lasting was his hermeneutics, which turned the art of interpretation into a general theory of understanding. To understand a text we must grasp both its language (grammatical interpretation) and the individual mind behind it (psychological interpretation), moving back and forth between part and whole – the hermeneutic circle. Dilthey, Heidegger and Gadamer all built on this.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Raised among the pietist Moravian Brethren, Schleiermacher studied in Halle and became a preacher at the Charité in Berlin, where he joined the early Romantic circle around Friedrich Schlegel. He translated Plato into German, helped found the University of Berlin and taught theology there for decades while preaching at the Trinity Church.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799)
- Monologues (1800)
- Plato’s Works, translated (1804–1828)
- The Christian Faith (1821–1822)
- Hermeneutics and Criticism (1838)
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