अन्तिस्ठेनेस
सुखी होने के लिए केवल सद्गुण चाहिए; धन, भोग और प्रतिष्ठा व्यर्थ हैं, और कठिन परिश्रम स्वयं एक शुभ है।
पृष्ठभूमि
गोर्गियास का, फिर सुकरात का शिष्य; बाद में सिनिकवाद का संस्थापक माना गया: सुख के लिए सद्गुण पर्याप्त है।
मुख्य विचार
- सद्गुण की आत्मनिर्भरता
- परिश्रम (पोनोस) एक शुभ के रूप में
- रूपों की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
गोर्गियास जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा बाद की परंपरा
Known only from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 6.1), which ties it to the rhetorical style of his dialogues; the report may be an inference from that style. Diogenes Laertius 6.1
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गोर्गियास › लगभग 483–376 ईसा पूर्व
सुकरात जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Attested by contemporaries: Xenophon shows Antisthenes as a constant companion of Socrates (Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium), and Plato names him among those present at his death (Phaedo 59b). Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium 4.34–44, 8.4–6; Plato, Phaedo 59b
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
दियोगेनेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
According to Diogenes Laertius, Diogenes attached himself to Antisthenes in Athens and took up his ethics of self-sufficiency and toil; modern scholars doubt that they met. Diogenes Laertius VI.21; D. R. Dudley, A History of Cynicism (1937); IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
दियोगेनेस › लगभग 412–323 ईसा पूर्व
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
प्लेटो
जिनकी आलोचना की
Antisthenes rejected Plato’s Forms – he saw a horse but not ‘horseness’ – and mocked Plato in a dialogue called Sathon. Simplicius, In Categorias 208.28–32; Diogenes Laertius 3.35
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
मत
Antisthenes took from Socrates the conviction that virtue alone suffices for happiness, needing nothing but the strength of a Socrates. Virtue can be taught and, once acquired, cannot be lost; pleasure, wealth and reputation count for little, while toil (ponos) trains the soul – Heracles was his model. He held that education begins with the examination of names, and he attacked Plato’s theory of Forms: in a well-known anecdote, he could see a horse but not “horseness”. Later tradition made him the founder of Cynicism and teacher of Diogenes, which modern scholars doubt. Through the Cynics his ideal of self-sufficiency reached the Stoics.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Antisthenes was born in Athens around 445 BCE; his mother is said to have been Thracian. He first studied rhetoric with Gorgias, then became one of the most devoted followers of Socrates and, according to Plato, was present at his death. Afterwards he taught at the Cynosarges gymnasium. Ancient lists record a great many writings, but only two short speeches survive.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Ajax and Odysseus (two short speeches, early 4th century BCE)
- Sathon (lost polemic against Plato, early 4th century BCE)
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