जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
मिल के अनुसार, लोगों को वह सब करने की स्वतंत्रता होनी चाहिए जिससे दूसरों को हानि न हो – और सर्वोत्तम कर्म सुख बढ़ाते हैं, जिनमें उच्चतर सुख अधिक मायने रखते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
उपयोगितावाद को परिष्कृत किया और हानि-सिद्धांत के साथ व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का बचाव किया।
मुख्य विचार
- हानि-सिद्धांत
- गुणात्मक सुख
- समान अधिकार
गुरु: जेरेमी बेन्थम
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mill translated several of Plato’s dialogues (1834–35) and called the Socratic method of the dialogues unsurpassed as a discipline for correcting errors (Autobiography, 1873). J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), ch. 1; translations of Platonic dialogues in the Monthly Repository (1834–35)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
जेरेमी बेन्थम जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
आगस्त काँत
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mill took up Comte’s positive method and law of three stages in A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865) rejected the later system as despotic. J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857
अलेक्सी द तोकविल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mill reviewed both volumes of Democracy in America (1835, 1840) and took up Tocqueville’s ‘tyranny of the majority’ in On Liberty (1859). J. S. Mill, reviews of De la démocratie en Amérique, London and Westminster Review (1835), Edinburgh Review (1840); On Liberty (1859); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
अलेक्सी द तोकविल › 1805–1859
हैरियट टेलर मिल जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिनसे प्रभावित
Mill’s Autobiography (1873) calls Taylor Mill co-author of On Liberty (1859) and source of the social ideas of the Political Economy; the extent of her share is disputed. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); On Liberty (1859); Principles of Political Economy (1848); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
From 1830 Taylor Mill worked out her views in exchange with Mill, beginning with their essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832); her ‘Enfranchisement of Women’ followed (1851). J. S. Mill and H. Taylor, essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832), in F. A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor (1951); H. Taylor Mill, “Enfranchisement of Women”, Westminster Review (1851); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हैरियट टेलर मिल › 1807–1858
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 13
हेनरी सिजविक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900
विलियम जेम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
James dedicated Pragmatism (1907) to the memory of Mill, from whom he had ‘first learned the pragmatic openness of mind’. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), dedication; SEP “William James”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
बर्टराण्ड रसेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970
आइज़ैया बर्लिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आइज़ैया बर्लिन › 1909–1997
पॉल फेएराबेंड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पॉल फेएराबेंड › 1924–1994
पीटर सिंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
सभी दिखाएँ (13)कम दिखाएँ
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Brandes translated Mill’s The Subjection of Women into Danish (1869), met him in London in 1870, and drew on his liberalism in Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature (1872–90). J. S. Mill, Kvindernes Underkuelse, tr. G. Brandes (1869); G. Brandes, Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (1872–90)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस › 1842–1927
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Høffding’s Ethics (1887) made the welfare of all the measure of morality, after Bentham and Mill, and ‘Democratic Radicalism’ (1889) defended it against Brandes. H. Høffding, Etik (1887); “Demokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren (1889)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग › 1843–1931
येन फ़ू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Yan Fu translated Mill’s On Liberty (Qunji quanjie lun, 1903) and part of the System of Logic (1905); how faithfully he rendered Mill’s liberty is debated. Yan Fu, Qunji quanjie lun (1903); Mule mingxue (1905); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power (1964); M. K. Huang, The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and the Origins of Chinese Liberalism (2008)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
येन फ़ू › 1854–1921
आर. एम. हेयर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hare linked his two levels of moral thinking – intuitive everyday rules and critical utilitarian reasoning – to Mill’s secondary principles and first principle (Moral Thinking, 1981). R. M. Hare, Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point (1981); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर. एम. हेयर › 1919–2002
कैरोल पेटमैन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Pateman drew on Mill’s view that taking part in politics educates citizens for her theory of participatory democracy (Participation and Democratic Theory, 1970). C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970); J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैरोल पेटमैन › जन्म 1940
क्वामे एंथनी अप्पिया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Appiah opened The Ethics of Identity (2005) with Mill’s ideal of individuality from On Liberty and asked how it fits with social identities. K. A. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (2005); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्वामे एंथनी अप्पिया › जन्म 1954
एलिज़ाबेथ एंडरसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Anderson read Mill’s ‘experiments in living’ as a model of how ethical knowledge is gained and revised through experience (‘John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living’, 1991). E. Anderson, “John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living”, Ethics 102 (1991); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलिज़ाबेथ एंडरसन › जन्म 1959
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 7
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विल्हेल्म डिल्थाई › 1833–1911
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Frege rejected Mill’s view of numbers as properties of aggregates and of arithmetic as inductive, mocking it as an arithmetic of pebbles and gingerbread (Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884, §§ 7–11). G. Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), §§ 7–11, 23–25; J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book II, ch. 6
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations (1900) Husserl rejected Mill’s psychologism, which treats the laws of logic, including non-contradiction, as empirical generalisations about thinking. E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900), chs. 3–5; SEP “Psychologism”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
जी. ई. मूर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Moore charged Mill with the naturalistic fallacy for inferring ‘desirable’ from ‘desired’, as if ‘desirable’ meant ‘able to be desired’ like ‘visible’ (Principia Ethica, 1903, §§ 39–40). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903), ch. III, §§ 39–40; J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 4
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Anscombe held that Mill, like Kant, ignores the need to stipulate which description of an act is relevant, so his principle lacks content (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब › 1919–2001
जॉन राल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Williams’s critique of utilitarianism, aimed chiefly at Smart, extends to Mill’s: it weighs lives impersonally and leaves no place for integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), chs. 5–6
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mill dismissed Aristotle’s categories as ‘a mere catalogue’ of everyday distinctions and held that the syllogism, taken as proof, begs the question (A System of Logic, 1843). J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book I, ch. 3; book II, ch. 3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Mill argued that when Kant derives actual duties from the categorical imperative he shows no contradiction, only consequences no one would choose (Utilitarianism, 1861, ch. 1). J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 1; ch. 5
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कृतियाँ
आगमनात्मक तर्कशास्त्र और विज्ञानों की पद्धति – मनोविज्ञान के रूप में तर्कशास्त्र।
- 1859ऑन लिबर्टी
हानि-सिद्धांत और बहुमत का अत्याचार।
- 1863उपयोगितावाद
असंतुष्ट सुकरात होना संतुष्ट मूर्ख होने से बेहतर है।
दोनों लिंगों के बीच पूर्ण विधिक समानता के पक्ष में।
मत
Mill broadened Bentham’s utilitarianism: actions are right as they promote happiness, but pleasures differ in quality – “better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” In On Liberty he formulated the harm principle: society may restrict an individual’s freedom only to prevent harm to others. He exempted “barbarians” and “backward states of society” from it: despotism, he wrote, is a legitimate mode of government for them, “provided the end be their improvement” – a view shaped by his decades of work for the East India Company. Freedom of thought and discussion, and the cultivation of individuality, are essential to human progress. In The Subjection of Women he argued for the full legal and social equality of women, and in Parliament for women’s suffrage. His System of Logic grounded scientific inference in experience. He is often counted the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century, and On Liberty became a classic of liberalism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was rigorously educated by his father James Mill, learning Greek at three. A mental crisis at twenty taught him the value of feeling and poetry. He worked for the East India Company for 35 years, shared his intellectual life with the writer Harriet Taylor, whom he married in 1851 and whose share in his work he stressed, and served as a Member of Parliament. He died in Avignon in 1873.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A System of Logic (1843)
- Principles of Political Economy (1848)
- On Liberty (1859)
- Utilitarianism (1863)
- The Subjection of Women (1869)
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