राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
स्वयं पर और अपनी अंतर्दृष्टि पर परंपरा और अधिकार से ऊपर भरोसा कीजिए, क्योंकि वही दिव्य आत्मा हर व्यक्ति और प्रकृति में जीती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
अनुभवातीतवादी: आत्म-निर्भरता और “महा-आत्मा” – प्रकृति आत्मा के दर्पण के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- आत्म-निर्भरता
- महा-आत्मा (Over-Soul)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Emerson made Plato the type of the philosopher in Representative Men (1850): ‘Out of Plato come all things that are still written and debated among men of thought.’ R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Plato; or, the Philosopher”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
प्लोटिनस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Emerson took the motto of Nature (1836) from Plotinus: nature is ‘but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the soul’. R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), motto; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्लोटिनस › 204–270
मान्तेन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
इमानुएल स्वीडनबोर्ग
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Emerson took up Swedenborg’s doctrine of correspondences between natural facts and spiritual truths in Nature (1836) and portrayed him as the mystic in Representative Men (1850). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), “Language”; Representative Men (1850), “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic”
इमानुएल स्वीडनबोर्ग › 1688–1772
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
In ‘The Transcendentalist’ (1842) Emerson traced his movement’s name to Kant’s use of ‘transcendental’, a Kant he knew largely at second hand, through Coleridge and Carlyle. R. W. Emerson, “The Transcendentalist” (1842); SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
हेनरी डेविड थोरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
हेनरी डेविड थोरो › 1817–1862
विलियम जेम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
James, whose father was Emerson’s friend, spoke at the Emerson centenary in Concord (1903), praising his faith in the worth of each individual’s experience. W. James, “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” (1903), in Memories and Studies (1911); SEP “William James”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Nietzsche read Emerson’s essays from his school years and put a passage from Emerson’s ‘History’ as the motto of the first edition of The Gay Science (1882). F. Nietzsche, Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1882), motto; R. W. Emerson, Essays: First Series (1841), “History”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
ख़ोसे मार्ती
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Martí admired Emerson’s idealism of nature and self-reliance, which he joined with republican ethics, in an essay written at Emerson’s death (‘Emerson’, 1882). J. Martí, “Emerson”, La Opinión Nacional (Caracas, 1882), in Obras completas XIII
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे मार्ती › 1853–1895
कृतियाँ
- 1836प्रकृति
अनुभवातीतवाद का घोषणापत्र: मैं पारदर्शी नेत्र-गोलक बन जाता हूँ।
- 1841आत्म-निर्भरता
स्वयं पर भरोसा रखो: हर हृदय उस लौह तार पर कंपित होता है।
मत
Emerson called on Americans to free themselves from the authority of European tradition, church doctrine and conformity and to trust their own intuition. In each individual soul speaks the divine “Over-Soul”, which connects all beings; nature, rightly seen, is a language of spirit. Hence his call to self-reliance: whoever follows their own inner voice touches what is universal. “Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.” His essays, drawing on Romanticism, German idealism and Indian thought, gave the young American culture a philosophy of its own and shaped Thoreau, Whitman, Nietzsche and later the pragmatists.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Emerson came from a long line of New England ministers, studied at Harvard and served as a Unitarian pastor until he resigned in 1832. After meeting Coleridge, Wordsworth and Carlyle in Europe, he settled in Concord, Massachusetts. As essayist and celebrated lecturer he became the central figure of American Transcendentalism and a mentor to Thoreau.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Nature (1836)
- The American Scholar (1837)
- Essays: First Series, incl. “Self-Reliance” (1841)
- Representative Men (1850)
- The Conduct of Life (1860)
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