पारमेनीडेस
परिवर्तन और बहुलता इंद्रियों के भ्रम हैं; तर्क दिखाता है कि जो सचमुच अस्तित्व रखता है वह एक, अपरिवर्तनशील और शाश्वत है।
पृष्ठभूमि
जो है, वह है; जो नहीं है, वह नहीं है: परिवर्तन और बहुलता भ्रम हैं, सच्ची सत्ता एक और अपरिवर्तनीय है।
मुख्य विचार
- जो है, वह है; जो नहीं है, वह नहीं है
- सत्य का मार्ग बनाम मत का मार्ग
शिष्य: एलिया का ज़ेनो
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
पूथागोरास
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
Diogenes Laertius reports that the Pythagorean Ameinias, rather than Xenophanes, turned Parmenides to a life of quiet; any Pythagorean influence on his doctrine is disputed. Diogenes Laertius IX.21 (Sotion); SEP “Parmenides”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पूथागोरास › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 570–495 ईसा पूर्व
क्सेनोफानेस
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित ✓
Aristotle reports that Parmenides was said to be Xenophanes’ pupil (Metaphysics I.5, 986b22); a debt to Xenophanes’ unmoving god and his doubts about opinion is disputed. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.5, 986b21–25; Xenophanes, DK 21 B26, B34; Diogenes Laertius IX.21; SEP “Xenophanes”
क्सेनोफानेस › लगभग 570–478 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 8
एंपेडोक्लीज़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Empedocles accepted Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing or perishes and explained change as the mixing and separating of four eternal roots (DK 31 B8, B11–12). Empedocles, DK 31 B8, B11–12, B17; SEP “Empedocles”
एंपेडोक्लीज़ › लगभग 494–434 ईसा पूर्व
एलिया का ज़ेनो जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया बाद की परंपरा ✓
Known only from later sources – the dramatic scene of Plato’s Parmenides (127a–128e), written decades later, and Diogenes Laertius 9.25; that Zeno’s arguments defend Parmenides is widely accepted, a teaching relation as such is not independently attested. Plato, Parmenides 127a–128e; Sophist 216a; Diogenes Laertius 9.25; SEP “Zeno of Elea”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एलिया का ज़ेनो › लगभग 490–430 ईसा पूर्व
डेमोक्रिटस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
With Leucippus, Democritus granted the Eleatics that nothing comes from nothing but posited void and indivisible atoms, so that plurality and motion become possible again. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption I.8; SEP “Ancient Atomism”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेमोक्रिटस › लगभग 460–370 ईसा पूर्व
प्लेटो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Plato took over Parmenides’ contrast between unchanging being, grasped by thought, and opinion about what changes, and in the Sophist revised his ban on not-being (241d). Plato, Republic V, 476d–480a; Sophist 241d–259d; SEP “Parmenides”
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
प्लोटिनस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Plotinus cited Parmenides’ ‘thinking and being are the same’ and found the One, Intellect and Soul in the first hypotheses of Plato’s Parmenides (Enneads V.1.8). Plotinus, Enneads V.1.8; Parmenides, DK 28 B3; SEP “Plotinus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्लोटिनस › 204–270
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Heidegger read Parmenides’ saying that thinking and being are the same as their belonging together (Introduction to Metaphysics, 1935; publ. 1953) and his goddess Aletheia as unconcealment (1942–43). M. Heidegger, Einführung in die Metaphysik (lectures 1935; publ. 1953); Parmenides (lectures 1942–43; publ. 1982); Identität und Differenz (1957); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
अनक्सागोरस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Anaxagoras accepted Parmenides’ principle that nothing comes to be or perishes and reinterpreted change as the mixing and separating of ever-existing stuffs (DK 59 B17). Anaxagoras, DK 59 B17; SEP “Anaxagoras”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अनक्सागोरस › लगभग 500–428 ईसा पूर्व
गोर्गियास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In On Not-Being Gorgias turned Parmenides’ form of argument against Eleatic being: nothing is; if it were, it could not be known; if known, not communicated. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians I.65–87; pseudo-Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes and Gorgias; IEP “Gorgias”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गोर्गियास › लगभग 483–376 ईसा पूर्व
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
अरस्तू
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Aristotle objected that Parmenides’ argument for a single unchanging being fails because ‘being’ is said in many ways (Physics I.2–3). Aristotle, Physics I.2–3, 184b–187a; Metaphysics I.5, 986b
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
हेरक्लिटस
जिनकी आलोचना की विवादित
Parmenides’ attack on ‘two-headed mortals’, for whom being and not-being are the same and not the same, is often read as aimed at Heraclitus; this is disputed. Parmenides, DK 28 B6.4–9; SEP “Parmenides”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेरक्लिटस › लगभग 535–475 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 475 ईसा पूर्वप्रकृति के विषय में
देवी सत्य का मार्ग प्रकट करती है: केवल सत्ता है।
मत
Parmenides argued that thought must hold to what is: what is not can be neither thought nor spoken of. From this he concluded that being cannot come into existence or perish, cannot change, move or be divided – it is one, complete and unchanging, like a well-rounded sphere. The world of the senses, with its birth, death and motion, belongs to the “way of opinion”, not to the “way of truth”. This radical argument confronted all later Greek philosophy with a challenge: how to account for change and plurality without saying that something comes from nothing. Plato, the atomists and Aristotle all developed their positions in answer to him.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Parmenides came from Elea, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and was active in the early fifth century BCE. According to Plato, he visited Athens in old age and met the young Socrates. He set out his philosophy in a poem in hexameters, in which a goddess reveals the truth to a young traveller; substantial parts of it survive.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Nature (didactic poem, c. 475 BCE)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘मिथक से लोगोस तक’ · 8 में से पड़ाव 5
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