ऑगस्टीन
ऑगस्टीन के अनुसार, सत्य भीतर की ओर मुड़कर पाया जाता है, जहाँ ईश्वर उपस्थित है; हम केवल अपनी इच्छा से अच्छे नहीं हो सकते, हमें कृपा की आवश्यकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
रोमन उत्तरी अफ़्रीका (आज के अल्जीरिया) के थागास्ते में जन्मे, बाद में हिप्पो के बिशप: उन्होंने नव-प्लेटोवाद और ईसाई धर्म को जोड़ा; उनके “कन्फ़ेशन्स” अंतर्मुखता की आत्मकथा का आदर्श बन गए।
मुख्य विचार
- आंतरिक सत्य
- कृपा और इच्छा
- दो नगर
- आत्मा के विस्तार के रूप में समय
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Augustine knew Plato mainly through the ‘books of the Platonists’ and ranked them closest to Christianity for their incorporeal God (Confessions VII; City of God VIII). Augustine, Confessions VII.9.13–10.16; City of God VIII.4–10; SEP “Augustine”
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
सिसरो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Augustine wrote that reading Cicero’s lost Hortensius at nineteen turned him to the love of wisdom and changed his prayers (Confessions III.4). Augustine, Confessions III.4.7–8; SEP “Augustine”
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सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
प्लोटिनस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Augustine took from Plotinus, read in Latin, the turn inward and upward to an immaterial God and evil as privation of good (Confessions VII). Augustine, Confessions VII.9.13–10.16, VII.12.18; Plotinus, Enneads I.6, I.8; SEP “Augustine”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लोटिनस › 204–270
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 26
बोएथिउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the preface to his tractate On the Trinity Boethius asked readers to judge whether seeds of argument from Augustine’s writings had borne fruit in his own. Boethius, De Trinitate, preface; SEP “Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
बोएथिउस › लगभग 477–524
थामस एक्विनास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Aquinas read Augustine’s doctrine of divine illumination as the God-given natural light of the agent intellect (Summa theologiae I q. 84 a. 5). Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I q. 84 a. 5; SEP “Divine Illumination”; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
थामस एक्विनास › लगभग 1225–1274
ब्लेज़ पास्काल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Pascal’s Pensées (1670) build on Augustine’s doctrine of a human nature fallen through original sin and restored only by grace, which he knew through Jansenius and Port-Royal. B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Écrits sur la grâce; SEP “Blaise Pascal”
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ब्लेज़ पास्काल › 1623–1662
निकोला मालब्रांश
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Malebranche invoked Augustine’s doctrine of illumination for his thesis that we see all things in God (The Search after Truth, 1674–75). N. Malebranche, De la recherche de la vérité (1674–75); SEP “Nicolas Malebranche”
निकोला मालब्रांश › 1638–1715
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Heidegger’s lecture ‘Augustinus und der Neuplatonismus’ (1921; publ. 1995) read Confessions X on care (curare) and temptation, motifs taken up in Being and Time (1927). M. Heidegger, Phänomenologie des religiösen Lebens (lectures 1920–21; publ. 1995); Sein und Zeit (1927); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
हाना आरंट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Arendt wrote a dissertation on Augustine’s concept of love (1929) and derived natality from his ‘that there be a beginning, man was created’ (The Human Condition, 1958). H. Arendt, Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin (1929); The Human Condition (1958); Augustine, De civitate Dei XII; SEP “Hannah Arendt”
हाना आरंट › 1906–1975
सभी दिखाएँ (26)कम दिखाएँ
जोहन्नेस स्कोतुस युरिउगेना
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In On Divine Predestination (851) Eriugena argued from Augustine against Gottschalk’s double predestination; Periphyseon weighs Augustine against the Greek Fathers. John Scottus Eriugena, De divina praedestinatione (851); Periphyseon; SEP “John Scottus Eriugena”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जोहन्नेस स्कोतुस युरिउगेना › लगभग 815–877
कैंटरबरी के एन्सेल्म
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the Monologion’s preface Anselm said that nothing in it disagrees with the Fathers, especially Augustine’s De Trinitate, whose image of the Trinity in the mind he used. Anselm, Monologion (1076), prologue; SEP “Saint Anselm”
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कैंटरबरी के एन्सेल्म › 1033–1109
पीटर अबेलार्ड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Abelard’s Sic et non set conflicting patristic texts, many from Augustine, side by side, and his ethics of intention built on Augustine’s view of sin as consent. Abelard, Sic et non; Scito te ipsum (Ethics); SEP “Peter Abelard”
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पीटर अबेलार्ड › 1079–1142
बिंगेन की हिल्डेगार्ड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Hildegard’s theology of creation and the soul shows Augustinian traits, absorbed through monastic reading; as she alludes to rather than cites the Fathers, direct reading is disputed. Hildegard of Bingen, Scivias (1151); A. Meis Wörmer, ‘Influencia agustiniana en la comprensión de la racionalidad de Hildegard von Bingen (s. XII)’, Peregrino 23 (2002)
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बिंगेन की हिल्डेगार्ड › 1098–1179
बोनावेंतुरे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Following Augustine, Bonaventure read creatures as traces of God and the mind as his image, through which knowledge leads back to its source (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, 1259). Bonaventure, Itinerarium mentis in Deum (1259); SEP “Saint Bonaventure”
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बोनावेंतुरे › लगभग 1221–1274
रामोन लुल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Llull built his Art on the Augustinian triad of the soul’s powers – memory, understanding and will – which are to remember, know and love God. R. Llull, Ars generalis ultima (1305–08); A. Bonner, The Art and Logic of Ramon Llull (2007); SEP “Ramon Llull”
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रामोन लुल › लगभग 1232–1316
मास्टर एकहार्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Eckhart radicalised Augustine’s turn inward – God more inward than our inmost self – into the birth of God in the ground of the soul. Augustine, Confessions III.6.11; Meister Eckhart, German sermons; SEP “Meister Eckhart”
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मास्टर एकहार्ट › लगभग 1260–1328
नॉर्विच की जूलियन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Colledge and Walsh note parallels to Augustine, Bernard and William of St-Thierry in Julian’s Showings; whether the self-described ‘unlettered’ Julian read Augustine herself is disputed. Julian of Norwich, A Book of Showings, ed. E. Colledge and J. Walsh (Toronto, 1978), introduction
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नॉर्विच की जूलियन › लगभग 1343–1416
क्रिस्टीन द पिज़ान
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Christine’s Book of the City of Ladies (1405) takes up the image of Augustine’s City of God, building an allegorical city of women from exemplary lives. Christine de Pizan, Le Livre de la Cité des Dames (1405); M. Quilligan, The Allegory of Female Authority (1991)
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क्रिस्टीन द पिज़ान › लगभग 1364–1430
एरासमुस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Erasmus edited Augustine’s collected works (Basel, 1528–29), though as an interpreter of Scripture he preferred Jerome and Origen. Erasmus (ed.), Augustini opera (Froben, Basel 1528–29); SEP “Desiderius Erasmus”
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एरासमुस › लगभग 1466–1536
ख़ुआन लुइस वाइवेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
At Erasmus’ suggestion Vives wrote a learned commentary on Augustine’s City of God, explaining its historical and philosophical references, printed in Basel in 1522. J. L. Vives, Commentarii in XXII libros De civitate Dei (Basel, 1522); SEP “Juan Luis Vives”
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ख़ुआन लुइस वाइवेस › 1493–1540
अविला की तेरेसा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Teresa described reading Augustine’s Confessions around 1554 as a turning point: she saw herself in his conversion in the garden and wept (Book of Her Life, ch. 9). Teresa of Ávila, Libro de la vida (1565), ch. 9; Augustine, Confessions VIII.12
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अविला की तेरेसा › 1515–1582
रने देकार्त
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Shown Augustine’s ‘if I am mistaken, I exist’ (City of God), Descartes acknowledged the parallel but stressed his different use of it (letter to Colvius, 1640). R. Descartes, letter to A. Colvius (Nov. 1640); Augustine, De civitate Dei (si fallor, sum); SEP “Saint Augustine”
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रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
अंतुआन आर्नो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Arnauld defended Jansenius’ Augustinian doctrine of grace and in the Fourth Objections (1641) noted that Augustine had anticipated Descartes’ cogito (On Free Choice of the Will). A. Arnauld, Fourth Objections to Descartes’ Meditationes (1641); Augustine, De libero arbitrio; SEP “Antoine Arnauld”
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अंतुआन आर्नो › 1612–1694
सोर ख़ुआना इनेस दे ला क्रूस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In her Athenagoric Letter (1690) Sor Juana defended Augustine’s view that Christ’s greatest proof of love was to die, together with those of Thomas Aquinas and John Chrysostom, against the Jesuit preacher António Vieira, who had claimed to surpass all three. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Carta atenagórica (Crisis de un sermón, 1690); A. Vieira, Sermão do Mandato (1650)
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सोर ख़ुआना इनेस दे ला क्रूस › लगभग 1648–1695
एडमुंड हुसल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Husserl opened his lectures on inner time-consciousness (1905; ed. Heidegger, 1928) with Augustine’s Confessions XI and closed the Cartesian Meditations (1931) with his ‘in te redi’. E. Husserl, Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewußtseins (ed. M. Heidegger, 1928); Méditations cartésiennes (1931); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
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एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
मैक्स शेलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Scheler took from Augustine the primacy of love over knowledge and the ordo amoris structuring a person’s values (‘Liebe und Erkenntnis’, 1915; ‘Ordo amoris’, publ. 1933). M. Scheler, “Liebe und Erkenntnis” (1915); “Ordo amoris” (written c. 1916; publ. 1933); SEP “Max Scheler”
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मैक्स शेलर › 1874–1928
आल्बेर कामु
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Camus’s diploma thesis Christian Metaphysics and Neoplatonism (1936) studied Augustine’s answer to the problem of evil and the passage from Greek thought to Christianity. A. Camus, Métaphysique chrétienne et néoplatonisme (1936); SEP “Albert Camus”
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आल्बेर कामु › 1913–1960
पॉल रिक्यूर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ricœur opened Time and Narrative (1983) with Augustine’s analysis of time in Confessions XI, whose distentio animi he answered with Aristotle’s concordant emplotment. P. Ricœur, Temps et récit I (1983); Augustine, Confessiones XI; SEP “Augustine of Hippo”
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पॉल रिक्यूर › 1913–2005
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
King invoked Augustine’s maxim that ‘an unjust law is no law at all’ to justify openly breaking segregation laws (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963), in Why We Can’t Wait (1964); Augustine, De libero arbitrio I
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मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Wittgenstein used Augustine’s puzzle about time – known until one is asked – as a model of philosophical perplexity (Blue Book, dictated 1933–34; Philosophical Investigations, publ. 1953). L. Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books (dictated 1933–35; publ. 1958); Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); Augustine, Confessiones XI; SEP “Ludwig Wittgenstein”
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जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Wittgenstein opened the Philosophical Investigations (1953) with Augustine’s account of learning words (Confessions I.8) and criticised its picture that every word names an object. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953), §§ 1–3, 32; Augustine, Confessions I.8.13
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लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
आर्केसिलाउस
जिनकी आलोचना की
In Contra Academicos (386) Augustine argued against the Academic scepticism begun by Arcesilaus that the wise must know truth and that some truths are certain. Augustine, Contra Academicos III.10.23–13.29; SEP “Augustine”
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आर्केसिलाउस › लगभग 316–241 ईसा पूर्व
कार्नियाडीज़
जिनकी आलोचना की
Augustine answered the probabilism of Carneades: whoever has never grasped the truth cannot know what merely resembles it (Contra Academicos, 386). Augustine, Contra Academicos II.7.16–12.27; Cicero, Academica II.98–104
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कार्नियाडीज़ › लगभग 214–129 ईसा पूर्व
पोरफ़िरी जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Augustine called Porphyry ‘the most learned of the philosophers’ and made his treatise On the Return of the Soul a main interlocutor in City of God X. Augustine, City of God X, XIX.22; Porphyry, De regressu animae (fragments); SEP “Porphyry”
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जिनकी आलोचना की
In City of God X Augustine faulted Porphyry for allowing theurgy and for rejecting Christ as the universal way of the soul’s return. Augustine, De civitate Dei X.9–11, X.23–32; SEP “Porphyry”
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पोरफ़िरी › लगभग 234–305
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 400कन्फ़ेशन्स
एक आत्मा की आत्मकथा – ग्यारहवीं पुस्तक में समय पर प्रसिद्ध चिंतन सहित।
- लगभग 426ईश्वर का नगर (De civitate Dei)
विश्व-इतिहास दो राज्यों के संघर्ष के रूप में: पार्थिव और स्वर्गीय नगर।
मत
Augustine fused Christian faith with Platonic philosophy and is often counted the most influential theologian of the Latin West. In the Confessions he explores the restless heart that finds peace only in God and analyses memory and time as a “distension” of the soul. Against the Manichaeans he held that evil has no substance of its own but is a privation of good; against the Pelagians he insisted that humans cannot be saved without divine grace. In the City of God he interprets history as the struggle between the earthly city, built on love of self, and the city of God, built on love of God.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Augustine was born in Thagaste in North Africa, studied rhetoric in Carthage and taught in Rome and Milan. After years as a follower of Manichaeism and an encounter with Neoplatonic writings and the preaching of Ambrose, he converted to Christianity in 386. From 395 until his death in 430, during the Vandal siege of the city, he was bishop of Hippo.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Free Choice of the Will (388–395)
- Confessions (c. 397–400)
- On the Trinity (c. 400–420)
- The City of God (413–426)
इनमें आता है
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