बर्टराण्ड रसेल
गणित को तर्कशास्त्र से व्युत्पन्न किया जा सकता है, और दार्शनिक उलझनें तब घुल जाती हैं जब हम साधारण वाक्यों के नीचे छिपे तार्किक रूप का विश्लेषण करते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
तर्कवाद, वर्णन-सिद्धांत और तार्किक परमाणुवाद – और एक लड़ाकू सार्वजनिक प्रबोधक, प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के और बाद में परमाणु हथियारों के विरोधी।
मुख्य विचार
- रसेल का विरोधाभास
- वर्णन-सिद्धांत
- तार्किक परमाणुवाद
गुरु: अल्फ्रेड नार्थ ह्वाइटहेड
शिष्य: लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 10
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Russell defended universals that subsist independently of minds, calling Plato’s theory of ideas one of the most successful attempts at the problem (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 9 (“The World of Universals”)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell argued that Leibniz’s metaphysics follows from a few logical premises, above all the subject–predicate doctrine of propositions (A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900). B. Russell, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1900); SEP “Bertrand Russell”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
डेविड ह्यूम
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell restated Hume’s problem of induction, holding that the inductive principle can be neither proved nor disproved by experience (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), “On Induction”; A History of Western Philosophy (1945); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
जॉर्ज कांटॉर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell read Cantor intensively in his youth, and his paradox arose from a study of Cantor’s theorem. SEP “Bertrand Russell” (A. D. Irvine), on the Autobiography; SEP “The Early Development of Set Theory” (J. Ferreirós)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जॉर्ज कांटॉर › 1845–1918
जी. ई. मूर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell followed Moore’s revolt against idealism, adopting his realism of propositions and concepts (‘The Nature of Judgment’, 1899), as the preface to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) acknowledges. G. E. Moore, “The Nature of Judgment”, Mind 8 (1899); B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), preface; My Philosophical Development (1959); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
सभी दिखाएँ (10)कम दिखाएँ
लाओ-त्सू
जिनसे प्रभावित
In The Problem of China (1922) Russell took Laozi’s “production without possession, action without self-assertion, development without domination” as the Chinese conception of the ends of life, set against Western possession, self-assertion and domination. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI “Chinese and Western Civilization Contrasted”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लाओ-त्सू › किंवदंतियों से जुड़ा व्यक्तित्व
रुदाल्फ हरमन लात्से
जिनसे प्रभावित
Early Russell, like early Moore, was shaped by British idealists who had taken over Lotze’s logic and metaphysics. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रुदाल्फ हरमन लात्से › 1817–1881
जुज़ेप्पे पेआनो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell met Peano at the Paris congress of 1900, and Principia Mathematica adopts Peano’s logical notation. SEP “Bertrand Russell” (A. D. Irvine), chronology; SEP “The Algebra of Logic Tradition” (S. Burris, J. Legris)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जुज़ेप्पे पेआनो › 1858–1932
अल्फ्रेड नार्थ ह्वाइटहेड जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Whitehead examined Russell for his entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1890 and taught him there; the former pupil became his co-author of Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, Autobiography I (1967), ch. 3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अल्फ्रेड नार्थ ह्वाइटहेड › 1861–1947
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
सूज़न स्टेबिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Stebbing presented the logic of Principia Mathematica and Russell’s theory of descriptions in A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930), treating Russell as a reference point of Cambridge analysis. L. S. Stebbing, A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930); SEP “Susan Stebbing”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सूज़न स्टेबिंग › 1885–1943
स्तानिस्लाव लेशनेव्स्की
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Leśniewski traced Russell’s paradox to a confusion of distributive and collective classes and built mereology, a theory of collective classes, in response (Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości, 1916). S. Leśniewski, Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości I (1916); SEP “Stanisław Leśniewski”; SEP “Mereology”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
स्तानिस्लाव लेशनेव्स्की › 1886–1939
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Carnap set Russell’s maxim to replace inferred entities by logical constructions as motto of the Aufbau (1928); reading Our Knowledge of the External World (1914) had launched it. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); B. Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World (1914); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Quine generalised Principia Mathematica in his dissertation (1932) and used Russell’s theory of descriptions to dissolve the riddle of non-being (‘On What There Is’, 1948). W. V. Quine, The Logic of Sequences: A Generalization of Principia Mathematica (dissertation 1932; publ. 1990); “On What There Is”, Review of Metaphysics 2 (1948); SEP “Willard Van Orman Quine”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन › 1908–2000
ए. जे. एयर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Ayer named Russell, with Wittgenstein, as source of Language, Truth and Logic (1936) and used his method of logical construction to reduce material things to sense-contents. A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), preface; Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage (1971); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
एलेन ट्यूरिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Turing studied Russell’s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy in 1933, according to Hodges, and later adapted Russell’s theory of types (‘Practical Forms of Type Theory’, 1948). A. Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983); A. M. Turing, “Practical Forms of Type Theory”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (1948); B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एलेन ट्यूरिंग › 1912–1954
डेविड चाल्मर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Chalmers took up Russell’s view that physics reveals only structure, leaving intrinsic natures that may ground consciousness, as ‘Russellian monism’ (‘Consciousness and its Place in Nature’, 2002). D. J. Chalmers, “Consciousness and its Place in Nature” (2002); “Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism”, Amherst Lecture in Philosophy 8 (2013); B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter (1927); SEP “Russellian Monism”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
डेविड चाल्मर्स › जन्म 1966
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 6
सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
A chapter of The Reign of Religion (1920) examines Russell’s new realism – not, Radhakrishnan conceded, shaped by religious bias – and concludes that it is satisfactory only where it departs from its pluralism and “makes friends with absolutism”. S. Radhakrishnan, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), ch. XI “The New Realism of Mr. Bertrand Russell”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सर्वेपल्ली राधाकृष्णन › 1888–1975
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन जिन्हें पढ़ायाजिनसे प्रभावित
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Wittgenstein came to Cambridge in October 1911 to study logic with Russell and in 1912 was admitted to Trinity College as his student; his Notes on Logic (1913) were written for Russell. R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell said his lectures on logical atomism were largely concerned with explaining ideas he had learnt from his former pupil Wittgenstein (The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, 1918). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (lectures 1918; The Monist 1918–19), preliminary note
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Wittgenstein objected that Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgement allows nonsense to be judged (1913), and later rejected his theory of types as superfluous (Tractatus, 1921, 3.331–3.333, 5.5422). L. Wittgenstein to B. Russell, June 1913; Notes on Logic (1913); Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921), 3.331–3.333, 5.5422
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
कुर्ट गेडेल जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gödel took Principia Mathematica as the formal system of his incompleteness theorems (1931) and welcomed Russell’s early realism about classes and concepts (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I”, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 (1931); “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Gödel criticised Russell’s vicious-circle principle and no-class theory as too restrictive for classical mathematics, defending classes and concepts as real objects (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944), 123–153
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कुर्ट गेडेल › 1906–1978
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Sellars argued that Russell’s acquaintance either involves concepts or is not knowledge (‘Acquaintance and Description Again’, 1949), later calling such views the ‘Myth of the Given’ (1956). W. Sellars, “Acquaintance and Description Again”, Journal of Philosophy 46 (1949); “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” (1956); B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 5
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स › 1912–1989
पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Strawson objected that Russell’s theory of descriptions confuses sentences with uses: ‘The King of France is bald’ presupposes, not asserts, that a king exists (‘On Referring’, 1950). P. F. Strawson, “On Referring”, Mind 59 (1950), 320–344; Russell’s reply: “Mr. Strawson on Referring”, Mind 66 (1957)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन › 1919–2006
शॉल क्रिपके
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kripke rejected Russell’s view that ordinary names are disguised descriptions: ‘Aristotle’ names Aristotle even in worlds where he did nothing we describe him by (Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980). S. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (1972; 1980), Lectures I–II; B. Russell, “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” (1911)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शॉल क्रिपके › 1940–2022
जिनकी आलोचना की 6
कन्फ्यूशियस
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the same book Russell confessed himself “unable to appreciate the merits of Confucius”, whose writings he found largely occupied with trivial points of etiquette, while granting that Confucian ethics had produced no priesthood and no persecution. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कन्फ्यूशियस › परंपरागत रूप से 551–479 ईसा पूर्व
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Russell rejected Hegel’s doctrine that only the whole is real: if all relations were internal, nothing could be known without knowing everything (History of Western Philosophy, 1945). B. Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 22; Our Knowledge of the External World (1914), Lecture II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
विलियम जेम्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Russell objected that James’s pragmatist theory confuses a criterion of truth with its meaning: ‘true’ cannot mean ‘useful to believe’ (‘William James’s Conception of Truth’, 1908). B. Russell, “William James’s Conception of Truth” (1908), in Philosophical Essays (1910); W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture VI
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Russell recognised Frege’s logicism as close to his own, expounded it in an appendix to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and continued it in Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), appendix A; A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia Mathematica (1910–13); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
जिनकी आलोचना की
In a letter of 16 June 1902 Russell showed that Frege’s Basic Law V yields a contradiction; ‘On Denoting’ (1905) rejected Frege’s distinction of sense and reference. B. Russell to G. Frege, 16 June 1902, in J. van Heijenoort (ed.), From Frege to Gödel (1967); “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905); G. Frege, Grundgesetze der Arithmetik II (1903), appendix
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग
जिनकी आलोचना की
Russell objected that Meinong’s non-existent objects, such as the round square, infringe the law of contradiction, and analysed them away with his theory of descriptions (‘On Denoting’, 1905). B. Russell, “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905), 479–493; SEP “Alexius Meinong”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग › 1853–1920
आँरी बेर्गसोन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Russell rejected Bergson’s intuition as anti-intellectualism: his attack on the intellect rests on misunderstandings of mathematics and of Zeno’s paradoxes (‘The Philosophy of Bergson’, 1912). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Bergson”, The Monist 22 (1912), 321–347; A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 28
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आँरी बेर्गसोन › 1859–1941
कृतियाँ
फ़्रांस का वर्तमान राजा गंजा है – निश्चित वर्णनों का विश्लेषण।
तर्कशास्त्र से व्युत्पन्न गणित – वह प्रस्थापना जिससे 1+1=2 निकलता है, पहले खंड के पृष्ठ 379 पर *54.43 में ही आती है।
संपूर्ण इतिहास का तीखा सर्वेक्षण – हेगल और नीत्शे पर उपहासपूर्ण फ़ैसलों के साथ।
मत
Russell was a founder of analytic philosophy. He discovered the paradox of the set of all sets that do not contain themselves, which shook the foundations of mathematics, and with Whitehead attempted in Principia Mathematica to derive mathematics from logic. His theory of descriptions showed that sentences such as “The present King of France is bald” can be analysed so that their grammatical form no longer misleads us about what exists. This made logical analysis the central method of philosophy. In epistemology he distinguished knowledge by acquaintance from knowledge by description. Beyond academia he wrote influential books on ethics, religion, politics and the history of philosophy.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Russell, grandson of a British prime minister, was orphaned early and raised by his grandmother. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge. A pacifist, he lost his lectureship and was imprisoned during the First World War. He wrote prolifically for a wide public, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 and campaigned against nuclear weapons into his nineties.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Principles of Mathematics (1903)
- On Denoting (1905)
- Principia Mathematica, with A. N. Whitehead (1910–1913)
- The Problems of Philosophy (1912)
- A History of Western Philosophy (1945)
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