सुकरात
जो आप नहीं जानते उसे स्वीकार करना प्रज्ञा का आरंभ है, और निरंतर प्रश्न पूछना यह जानने का मार्ग है कि अच्छा जीवन कैसे जिया जाए।
पृष्ठभूमि
उन्होंने कुछ नहीं लिखा; प्रश्नोत्तर-संवाद की उनकी पद्धति ने नीतिशास्त्र को दर्शन का केंद्र बना दिया।
मुख्य विचार
- अपनी अज्ञानता का बोध (सुकराती अज्ञान)
- प्रसव-कला (मायेयूटिक्स)
- सद्गुण ही ज्ञान है
शिष्य: अन्तिस्ठेनेस, अरिस्तिप्पुस, प्लेटो
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
अनक्सागोरस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In Plato’s Phaedo Socrates recalls being excited by Anaxagoras’ claim that mind orders all things, then disappointed that he explained nothing by what is best (97b–99d). Plato, Phaedo 97b–99d; SEP “Anaxagoras”
अनक्सागोरस › लगभग 500–428 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 13
प्लेटो जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Attested by Plato himself (Apology 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b) and by Xenophon (Memorabilia 3.6.1); Socrates himself denied being anyone’s teacher (Apology 33a). Plato, Apology 33a, 34a, 38b; Phaedo 59b; Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.1
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
अरस्तू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Aristotle credited Socrates with inductive arguments and universal definition, the starting point of the theory of Forms, but rejected his denial of weakness of will (Metaphysics; Nicomachean Ethics). Aristotle, Metaphysics XIII.4, 1078b27–30; I.6, 987b1–6; Nicomachean Ethics VII.2, 1145b21–27
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
कीटियम का ज़ेनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Zeno is said to have turned to philosophy after reading Xenophon’s Memorabilia II in an Athens bookshop; Stoic ethics took up Socrates’ view that virtue is knowledge. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–3; SEP “Stoicism”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कीटियम का ज़ेनो › लगभग 334–262 ईसा पूर्व
एपिक्टेटस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एपिक्टेटस › लगभग 50–135
सोरेन किर्केगार्द
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kierkegaard modelled his indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship on Socratic midwifery, and in Philosophical Fragments (1844) set Socrates the teacher against Christ. S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Philosophiske Smuler (1844); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सोरेन किर्केगार्द › 1813–1855
कार्ल पॉपर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Popper took Socrates’ awareness of his ignorance and his critical questioning as the model of critical rationalism, set against Plato’s ‘spell’ (The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945). K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. I: The Spell of Plato (1945); SEP “Karl Popper”
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
सभी दिखाएँ (13)कम दिखाएँ
अन्तिस्ठेनेस जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Attested by contemporaries: Xenophon shows Antisthenes as a constant companion of Socrates (Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium), and Plato names him among those present at his death (Phaedo 59b). Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.11.17; Symposium 4.34–44, 8.4–6; Plato, Phaedo 59b
अन्तिस्ठेनेस › लगभग 445–365 ईसा पूर्व
अरिस्तिप्पुस जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Attested by Xenophon, who records his conversations with Socrates (Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8); Plato notes that he was absent on the day of Socrates’ death (Phaedo 59c). Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1, 3.8; Plato, Phaedo 59c
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरिस्तिप्पुस › लगभग 435–356 ईसा पूर्व
दियोगेनेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Diogenes took up the Socratic view that virtue suffices for happiness and lived it against all convention; Plato reportedly called him ‘a Socrates gone mad’ (Diogenes Laertius VI.54). Diogenes Laertius VI.11, VI.54; IEP “Diogenes of Sinope”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दियोगेनेस › लगभग 412–323 ईसा पूर्व
आर्केसिलाउस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Arcesilaus appealed to Socrates’ avowal of knowing nothing and radicalised it: not even this can be known, so he withheld assent on everything (Cicero, Academica I.45). Cicero, Academica I.44–45; SEP “Arcesilaus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर्केसिलाउस › लगभग 316–241 ईसा पूर्व
मान्तेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
King cited Socrates as a model of creative ‘tension in the mind’ and of civil disobedience, to which academic freedom owes its existence (Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963). M. L. King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (1963), in Why We Can’t Wait (1964)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
सोफ़ी ओलुवोले
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Oluwole compared Socrates, who wrote nothing, with Orunmila, the sage of the Ifá tradition, presenting both as founders of classical philosophy (Socrates and Orunmila, 2015). S. B. Oluwole, Socrates and Orunmila: Two Patron Saints of Classical Philosophy (2015)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सोफ़ी ओलुवोले › 1935–2018
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Nietzsche saw in Socrates the ‘theoretical man’ whose faith in reason killed tragedy (Birth of Tragedy, 1872), and later a symptom of decadence (Twilight of the Idols). F. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie (1872), §§12–15; Götzen-Dämmerung (1889), “Das Problem des Sokrates”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
प्रोतागोरास
जिनकी आलोचना की
In Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates questions Protagoras’ claim to teach civic virtue and presses him on the unity of the virtues. Plato, Protagoras 319a–320c, 329c–334c, 349a–360e
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्रोतागोरास › लगभग 490–420 ईसा पूर्व
मत
Socrates turned philosophy from nature to the question of how one should live. His method, the elenchus, examined people who claimed to know what courage, piety or justice is, and showed through questioning that their definitions contradicted themselves. His own wisdom, he said, lay in knowing that he did not know. He held that virtue is a kind of knowledge, that no one does wrong willingly and that it is better to suffer injustice than to commit it; “the unexamined life is not worth living”. Known to us through Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, he became the model of the philosopher and the starting point for almost every later school.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Socrates spent his life in Athens, the son of a stonemason and a midwife, and served as a hoplite in the Peloponnesian War. Instead of writing, he questioned his fellow citizens in the streets and in the agora. In 399 BCE he was charged with impiety and with corrupting the youth, condemned by a citizen jury and executed with hemlock.
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