सोरेन किर्केगार्द
हर व्यक्ति अपने चुनावों का सामना अकेले करता है, और स्वतंत्र होने की व्यग्रता का उत्तर केवल आस्था में छलाँग से दिया जा सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्रायः अस्तित्ववाद के पिता कहे गए: चयन के सामने खड़ा व्यक्ति; चिंता “स्वतंत्रता के चक्कर” के रूप में।
मुख्य विचार
- यह या वह
- अस्तित्व की अवस्थाएँ
- चिंता
- आस्था की छलाँग
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
सुकरात
जिनसे प्रभावित
Kierkegaard modelled his indirect communication and pseudonymous authorship on Socratic midwifery, and in Philosophical Fragments (1844) set Socrates the teacher against Christ. S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Philosophiske Smuler (1844); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Kierkegaard read Plato’s dialogues for Socrates’ irony (On the Concept of Irony, 1841) and set Platonic recollection against the Christian moment (Philosophical Fragments, 1844). S. Kierkegaard, Om Begrebet Ironi (1841); Philosophiske Smuler (1844)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
According to Ronald M. Green, Kierkegaard’s ethics and view of sin and grace answer Kant’s Religion, a debt he rarely named (Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt, 1992). R. M. Green, Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt (1992); I. Kant, Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft (1793)
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 9
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Unamuno, who learned Danish to read Kierkegaard, drew on him in The Tragic Sense of Life (1913) for a faith that lives only together with doubt and agony. M. de Unamuno, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida (1913); J. Marías, Miguel de Unamuno (1943)
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो › 1864–1936
कार्ल यास्पर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Jaspers took his concept of Existenz from Kierkegaard and, in Reason and Existenz (1935), presented Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as the thinkers who opened the modern question of existence. K. Jaspers, Vernunft und Existenz (1935); Philosophie (1932); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
कार्ल यास्पर्स › 1883–1969
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Heidegger took up Kierkegaard’s analyses of anxiety and the moment in Being and Time (1927), noting that Kierkegaard had grasped the existentiell problem but not the existential analysis. M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (1927); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”; SEP “Martin Heidegger”
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Wittgenstein esteemed Kierkegaard, as Drury reported, and shared his view that Christianity is not a doctrine but a way of living (Culture and Value, remarks 1914–51; publ. 1977). L. Wittgenstein, Vermischte Bemerkungen (ed. G. H. von Wright, 1977; Engl. Culture and Value, 1980); M. O’C. Drury, “Conversations with Wittgenstein”, in R. Rhees (ed.), Ludwig Wittgenstein: Personal Recollections (1981); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
At the UNESCO colloquium Kierkegaard vivant (1964) Sartre presented Kierkegaard as the ‘singular universal’, a subject whose existence cannot be absorbed into knowledge. J.-P. Sartre, “L’universel singulier”, in Kierkegaard vivant (1966); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र › 1905–1980
सिमोन द बोव्वार
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) Beauvoir drew on Kierkegaard’s defence of the existing individual against Hegel’s system, while holding that freedom must will the freedom of others. S. de Beauvoir, Pour une morale de l’ambiguïté (1947); SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिमोन द बोव्वार › 1908–1986
सभी दिखाएँ (9)कम दिखाएँ
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
After a religious crisis while reading Kierkegaard, Høffding wrote one of the first philosophical studies of him, Søren Kierkegaard as Philosopher (1892). H. Høffding, Søren Kierkegaard som Filosof (1892)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हरल्ड हॉफ़डिंग › 1843–1931
लेव शेस्तोव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Directed to Kierkegaard by Husserl in 1928, Shestov read him as an ally against speculative reason in Kierkegaard and Existential Philosophy (1936). L. Chestov, Kierkegaard et la philosophie existentielle (1936)
लेव शेस्तोव › 1866–1938
वात्सुजी तेत्सुरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Watsuji followed his Nietzsche book with a study of Kierkegaard (Zēren Kierukegōru, 1915). Watsuji Tetsurō, Zēren Kierukegōru (1915); SEP “Watsuji Tetsurō”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वात्सुजी तेत्सुरो › 1889–1960
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Brandes’ critical study Søren Kierkegaard (1877) admired the polemicist and psychologist but rejected, as a freethinker, the ascetic Christianity Kierkegaard demanded. G. Brandes, Søren Kierkegaard. En kritisk Fremstilling i Grundrids (1877)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग ब्रांडेस › 1842–1927
मार्टिन बुबेर जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the same essay that criticised him (The Question to the Single One, 1936) Buber adopted Kierkegaard’s category of the Single One as the person who answers responsibly. M. Buber, Die Frage an den Einzelnen (1936); Eng. in Between Man and Man (1947); SEP “Martin Buber”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Buber objected that Kierkegaard’s ‘Single One’ reaches God by turning away from the world and others, rather than through them (Die Frage an den Einzelnen, 1936). M. Buber, Die Frage an den Einzelnen (1936); Eng. in Between Man and Man (1947)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्टिन बुबेर › 1878–1965
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Adorno’s Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic (1933) read Kierkegaard’s objectless inwardness as the bourgeois intérieur, a retreat from history into a private sphere. T. W. Adorno, Kierkegaard. Konstruktion des Ästhetischen (1933); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो › 1903–1969
के. ई. लोग्स्ट्रुप
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Løgstrup objected that Kierkegaard isolates the individual before God and neglects the ethical demand arising from everyday trust between people (Opgør med Kierkegaard, 1968). K. E. Løgstrup, Opgør med Kierkegaard (1968); Den etiske fordring (1956)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
के. ई. लोग्स्ट्रुप › 1905–1981
आल्बेर कामु जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) Camus listed Kierkegaard, with his analysis of despair, among those who mapped the ‘absurd walls’ of existence. A. Camus, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942), “Les murs absurdes”; SEP “Albert Camus”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Camus called Kierkegaard’s leap a ‘philosophical suicide’: instead of holding to the absurd, Kierkegaard turns it into a criterion of the other world (The Myth of Sisyphus, 1942). A. Camus, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942), “Le suicide philosophique”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आल्बेर कामु › 1913–1960
जिनकी आलोचना की 4
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Kierkegaard’s dissertation On the Concept of Irony (1841) drew heavily on Hegel’s reading of Socratic and Romantic irony and argued in Hegelian terms, before turning against the system. S. Kierkegaard, Om Begrebet Ironi (1841); J. Stewart, Kierkegaard’s Relations to Hegel Reconsidered (2003); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Kierkegaard objected that Hegel’s system forgets the existing individual: a logical system is possible, but a system of existence cannot be (Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 1846). S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (1846), Part Two; SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
फ़्रीडरिश श्लेगल
जिनकी आलोचना की
In The Concept of Irony (1841) Kierkegaard criticised Schlegel’s romantic irony, exemplified by Lucinde, as an infinite negativity that dissolves ethical actuality into aesthetic play. S. Kierkegaard, Om Begrebet Ironi (1841), Part Two, on Friedrich Schlegel; SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश श्लेगल › 1772–1829
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Kierkegaard heard Schelling’s Berlin lectures (1841–42) and took detailed notes; scholars trace in part to them his contrast between conceptual thought and actual existence. S. Kierkegaard, notes on Schelling’s Berlin lectures (1841–42); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Kierkegaard, who heard Schelling’s Berlin lectures in 1841–42, was first delighted by his talk of ‘actuality’, then judged them endless nonsense and left Berlin early (letters, 1842). S. Kierkegaard, notes on Schelling’s Berlin lectures (1841–42); letters to E. Boesen, 1842; SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग › 1775–1854
एन. एफ़. एस. ग्रुंडविग
जिनकी आलोचना की
Kierkegaard rejected Grundtvig’s ‘matchless discovery’ that the living word of the Apostles’ Creed gives faith historical certainty: no historical fact can ground faith (Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 1846). S. Kierkegaard (Johannes Climacus), Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (1846), Part One, ch. 1 §2; SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एन. एफ़. एस. ग्रुंडविग › 1783–1872
कृतियाँ
- 1843यह या वह
सौंदर्यात्मक बनाम नैतिक अस्तित्व – चुनो!
- 1843भय और कंपन
इब्राहीम और नैतिक का प्रयोजनात्मक स्थगन।
- 1844चिंता की अवधारणा
चिंता स्वतंत्रता के चक्कर के रूप में।
आत्मनिष्ठता सत्य है – प्रणाली के विरुद्ध।
मत
Against Hegel’s all-embracing system Kierkegaard defended the single individual, who must choose and cannot be absorbed into world history. “Subjectivity is truth”: what matters is not objective knowledge but how one relates to one’s own existence. He described three stages of life – the aesthetic, seeking pleasure and variety; the ethical, binding oneself to duty; and the religious, a leap of faith beyond reason, illustrated by Abraham’s readiness to sacrifice Isaac. Anxiety is the “dizziness of freedom”, despair the failure to become oneself. His pseudonymous, ironic writing was meant to force readers to decide for themselves. He is regarded as the father of existentialism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Kierkegaard spent almost his whole life in Copenhagen, living on his inheritance from a wealthy and deeply melancholic father. Breaking off his engagement to Regine Olsen in 1841 marked him for life and his writing. He published many books under pseudonyms, was mocked by a satirical paper, and in his last years fiercely attacked the Danish state church. He died at 42.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Either/Or (1843)
- Fear and Trembling (1843)
- The Concept of Anxiety (1844)
- Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846)
- The Sickness unto Death (1849)
इनमें आता है
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