गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
संसार असंख्य सरल मन-सदृश इकाइयों से बना है, बिना कारण के कुछ नहीं घटता, और ईश्वर ने सब संभव संसारों में से सर्वोत्तम चुना।
पृष्ठभूमि
बहुज्ञ: मोनाड, पूर्व-स्थापित सामंजस्य और “सभी संभव संसारों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ”।
मुख्य विचार
- मोनाडोलॉजी
- पर्याप्त कारण का सिद्धांत
- सभी संभव संसारों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 11
कन्फ्यूशियस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz read Confucius in the Jesuit Latin version Confucius Sinarum Philosophus (1687) and in Novissima Sinica (1697) praised Chinese practical and civil philosophy. G. W. Leibniz, Novissima Sinica (1697), preface; P. Couplet et al., Confucius Sinarum Philosophus (1687); D. E. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism: The Search for Accord (1977)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कन्फ्यूशियस › परंपरागत रूप से 551–479 ईसा पूर्व
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz paraphrased Plato’s Phaedo and Theaetetus (1676) and, defending innate ideas against Locke, called his own system closer to Plato’s (New Essays, written 1704). G. W. Leibniz, paraphrases of Phaedo and Theaetetus (Paris, 1676; Akademie-Ausgabe VI.3); Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (written 1704, publ. 1765), preface
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz rehabilitated Aristotle’s substantial forms against the mechanists in the Discourse on Metaphysics (1686) and later called his simple substances ‘entelechies’ (Monadology, 1714). G. W. Leibniz, Discours de métaphysique (1686); Monadologie (1714); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
मैमोनिदेस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz excerpted and annotated Buxtorf’s Latin translation of Maimonides’ Guide, remarking that it was more philosophical than he had expected, and cited its reckoning of good and evil (Guide III.12) in the Theodicy (1710, §§262–263). Leibniz, notes on Doctor perplexorum (between 1677 and 1691), A VI 4, 2484–2497; Theodicy (1710), §§262–263; L. Strickland, Leibniz’ Anthology of Maimonides’ Guide (2022)
मैमोनिदेस › 1138–1204
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
The young Leibniz wrote to Hobbes in 1670 and built his early physics on Hobbes’ conatus, the beginning of motion (Theory of Abstract Motion, 1671). G. W. Leibniz, letter to T. Hobbes (1670); Theoria motus abstracti (1671); SEP “Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
निकोला मालब्रांश
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz, who met Malebranche in Paris in 1675, agreed that created substances do not act on one another, but replaced occasional causes by pre-established harmony (New System, 1695). G. W. Leibniz, Système nouveau de la nature (Journal des savants, 1695); M. R. Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (2009); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
निकोला मालब्रांश › 1638–1715
सभी दिखाएँ (11)कम दिखाएँ
झू शी
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
In his Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese (1716) Leibniz likened Zhu Xi’s li to God; he knew it only from missionaries, and influence is disputed. G. W. Leibniz, Discours sur la théologie naturelle des Chinois (letter to N. Remond, 1716); N. Longobardi, Traité sur quelques points de la religion des Chinois (1701); D. E. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism (1977)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
झू शी › 1130–1200
रामोन लुल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In the Dissertation on the Combinatorial Art (1666) Leibniz took up and generalised Llull’s art of combining basic concepts, aiming at an alphabet of human thoughts. G. W. Leibniz, Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (1666); SEP “Ramon Llull”
रामोन लुल › लगभग 1232–1316
लोरेंत्सो वाल्ला
जिनसे प्रभावित
At the end of the Theodicy (1710) Leibniz retold Valla’s dialogue On Free Will and continued its fable to reconcile divine foreknowledge with human freedom. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710); L. Valla, De libero arbitrio; SEP “Lorenzo Valla”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लोरेंत्सो वाल्ला › लगभग 1407–1457
फ़्रांसिस्को सुआरेज़
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Leibniz recalled reading scholastics such as Suárez in his youth; his dissertation On the Principle of Individuation (1663) defended, with Suárez, individuation by the whole entity. G. W. Leibniz, Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui (1663); Vita Leibnitii a se ipso breviter delineata; SEP “Francisco Suárez”
फ़्रांसिस्को सुआरेज़ › 1548–1617
ऐन कॉनवे
जिनसे प्रभावित
Leibniz, who knew her Principles (1690) through van Helmont, wrote in 1697 that his views came ‘somewhat close’ to Conway’s; how far she shaped him is debated. G. W. Leibniz, letter to T. Burnett (1697); A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690); SEP “Anne Conway”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐन कॉनवे › 1631–1679
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 14
क्रिस्टियन वोल्फ़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Wolff built his German Metaphysics (1720) on Leibniz’s principles of contradiction and sufficient reason, but accepted pre-established harmony only as the most probable hypothesis. C. Wolff, Vernünfftige Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen (1720); Leibniz–Wolff correspondence (1704–1716), ed. C. I. Gerhardt (1860); SEP “Christian Wolff”
क्रिस्टियन वोल्फ़ › 1679–1754
एमिली दु शातले
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Institutions de physique (1740) Du Châtelet grounded Newtonian physics on Leibniz’s principles of contradiction and sufficient reason and defended his measure of living force. É. Du Châtelet, Institutions de physique (1740; 2nd ed. 1742); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमिली दु शातले › 1706–1749
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Mendelssohn defended Leibniz’s metaphysics; in Pope a Metaphysician! (1755, with Lessing) he set Leibniz’s optimism apart from the poetic optimism of Pope’s Essay on Man. M. Mendelssohn and G. E. Lessing, Pope ein Metaphysiker! (1755); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन › 1729–1786
बर्टराण्ड रसेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Russell argued that Leibniz’s metaphysics follows from a few logical premises, above all the subject–predicate doctrine of propositions (A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900). B. Russell, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1900); SEP “Bertrand Russell”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970
मार्टिन हाइडेगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Heidegger took Leibniz’s principle of sufficient reason as a guide to the question of ground, from his logic lectures of 1928 to Der Satz vom Grund (1957). M. Heidegger, Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Logik im Ausgang von Leibniz (lectures 1928, GA 26); Vom Wesen des Grundes (1929); Der Satz vom Grund (1957)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मार्टिन हाइडेगर › 1889–1976
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In The Fold (1988) Deleuze read Leibniz as the Baroque philosopher whose monads express the whole world from a point of view and whose matter is infinitely folded. G. Deleuze, Le pli. Leibniz et le baroque (1988); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
सभी दिखाएँ (14)कम दिखाएँ
एंटन विल्हेल्म आमो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Amo grew up at the Wolfenbüttel court, whose library Leibniz directed until 1716; whether Leibniz shaped his De humanae mentis apatheia (1734) is disputed. A. W. Amo, De humanae mentis apatheia (1734); D. Menn and J. E. H. Smith (eds.), Anton Wilhelm Amo’s Philosophical Dissertations on Mind and Body (2020); J. E. H. Smith, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference (2015)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एंटन विल्हेल्म आमो › लगभग 1703–1759
योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Herder took over Leibniz’s concept of living force and his doctrine of obscure perceptions, on which On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778) builds. J. G. Herder, Vom Erkennen und Empfinden der menschlichen Seele (1778); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर › 1744–1803
बेरनार्ड बोल्त्सानो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bolzano, called ‘the Bohemian Leibniz’ in his lifetime, developed a monadology of simple substances which, unlike Leibniz’s monads, have location in space (Athanasia, 1827). B. Bolzano, Athanasia oder Gründe für die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (1827); P. Simons, “Bolzano’s Monadology”; SEP “Bernard Bolzano”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेरनार्ड बोल्त्सानो › 1781–1848
गाब्रिएल तार्द
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Tarde renewed Leibniz’s monadology as a sociology: every thing is a society of small, numerous elements, and ‘to exist is to differ’ (‘Monadologie et sociologie’, 1893). G. Tarde, “Monadologie et sociologie” (1893), in Essais et mélanges sociologiques (1895); B. Latour, “Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social” (2002); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गाब्रिएल तार्द › 1843–1904
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Frege presented his Begriffsschrift (1879) as a step towards Leibniz’s universal characteristic and adopted Leibniz’s definition of identity as substitutability salva veritate (Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884). G. Frege, Begriffsschrift (1879), preface; Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884); SEP “Leibniz’s Influence on 19th Century Logic”; SEP “Gottlob Frege”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925
अर्न्स्ट कासिरर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cassirer’s first book reconstructed Leibniz’s system from its mathematical and scientific foundations (Leibniz’ System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, 1902); he also edited Leibniz’s main writings (1904–06). E. Cassirer, Leibniz’ System in seinen wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen (1902); G. W. Leibniz, Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung der Philosophie, ed. E. Cassirer (1904–06); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अर्न्स्ट कासिरर › 1874–1945
कुर्ट गेडेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gödel studied Leibniz intensively and, like him, sought to show first that God is possible, in a modal ontological proof built on positive properties (notes 1970; publ. 1987). K. Gödel, “Ontological Proof” (1970), in Collected Works III (1995); J. H. Sobel, “Gödel’s Ontological Proof”, in J. J. Thomson (ed.), On Being and Saying (1987); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कुर्ट गेडेल › 1906–1978
डेविड लेविस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lewis took up Leibniz’s possible worlds but as concrete, real worlds; his world-bound individuals with counterparts are often compared to Leibniz’s view (On the Plurality of Worlds, 1986). D. Lewis, “Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic”, Journal of Philosophy 65 (1968); On the Plurality of Worlds (1986); SEP “David Lewis”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेविड लेविस › 1941–2001
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
पियर बेल ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Leibniz’s Theodicy (1710) answered Bayle’s claim that reason cannot reconcile evil with a good God, arguing that faith and reason agree and this is the best possible world. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), Discours préliminaire, Parts I–III; SEP “Leibniz on the Problem of Evil”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In the article ‘Rorarius’ of his Dictionnaire (1697; 2nd ed. 1702) Bayle questioned Leibniz’s pre-established harmony: how could a dog’s soul pass from pleasure to pain unprompted? P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, art. “Rorarius”, remarks H and L; G. W. Leibniz, Éclaircissement (1698); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर बेल › 1647–1706
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
अंतुआन आर्नो जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Answering Arnauld’s objections in their correspondence (1686–1690), Leibniz clarified his distinction between hypothetical and absolute necessity and his hypothesis of the concomitance of substances. The Leibniz–Arnauld Correspondence (1686–1690), ed. and tr. S. Voss (2016); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Arnauld objected that Leibniz’s complete individual concept, containing all that will befall Adam, implies a ‘more than fatal’ necessity (letters on the Discourse on Metaphysics, 1686). Arnauld to Ernst von Hessen-Rheinfels, 13 Mar. 1686; Leibniz–Arnauld correspondence 1686–1690; SEP “Antoine Arnauld”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अंतुआन आर्नो › 1612–1694
डैमरिस मैशम
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In letters to Leibniz (1703–1705) Masham questioned his pre-established harmony and defended her father Cudworth’s plastic natures, having known his system from the Journal des savants (1695). Leibniz–Masham correspondence (1703–1705), in Die philosophischen Schriften, ed. C. I. Gerhardt, III; SEP “Lady Damaris Masham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डैमरिस मैशम › 1659–1708
इमानुएल स्वीडनबोर्ग
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Intercourse between the Soul and the Body (1769) Swedenborg rejected Leibniz’s pre-established harmony, as well as physical influx, in favour of a spiritual influx. E. Swedenborg, De commercio animae et corporis (1769)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल स्वीडनबोर्ग › 1688–1772
वोल्तेर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Voltaire mocked Leibnizian optimism through Pangloss, for whom all is for the best in the best of possible worlds (Candide, 1759; Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, 1756). Voltaire, Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759); Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (1756)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वोल्तेर › 1694–1778
इमानुएल कांट जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kant’s early works, such as the New Elucidation (1755), argued within Leibniz’s principles, and in 1790 he called the Critique ‘the genuine apology for Leibniz’. I. Kant, Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio (1755); Über eine Entdeckung, nach der alle neue Kritik der reinen Vernunft durch eine ältere entbehrlich gemacht werden soll (1790); SEP “Leibniz’s Influence on Kant”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant held that Leibniz ‘intellectualised the appearances’, taking sensibility for confused thought, and so misapplied the identity of indiscernibles (Critique of Pure Reason, A 263–264, A 271). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Amphiboly of the Concepts of Reflection, A 260–289 / B 316–346
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जिनकी आलोचना की 6
इब्न रश्द
जिनकी आलोचना की
Leibniz rejected the Averroist doctrine of a single intellect shared by all human beings in his “Considerations on the Doctrine of a Single Universal Spirit” (1702) and in the Preliminary Discourse of the Theodicy (1710). Leibniz, Considérations sur la doctrine d’un esprit universel unique (1702); Essais de Théodicée (1710), Discours préliminaire
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इब्न रश्द › 1126–1198
रने देकार्त जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In Meditations on Knowledge, Truth and Ideas (1684) Leibniz refined Descartes’ clear and distinct ideas and completed his ontological proof by requiring God’s possibility to be shown. G. W. Leibniz, Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis (Acta Eruditorum, 1684); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Leibniz argued that Descartes’ law conserving quantity of motion is false: what is conserved is living force, mv² (Brevis demonstratio, 1686; Discourse on Metaphysics, §17). G. W. Leibniz, Brevis demonstratio erroris memorabilis Cartesii (Acta Eruditorum, 1686); Discours de métaphysique (1686), §17
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
जॉन लॉक
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the New Essays (written 1704, published 1765) Leibniz defended innate ideas against Locke: the mind is not a blank tablet but like veined marble. G. W. Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (1704; publ. 1765), Preface and Book I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In 1676 Leibniz visited Spinoza in The Hague, showed him a proof that a most perfect being is possible and later annotated the posthumously printed Ethics (1677). G. W. Leibniz, Quod ens perfectissimum existit (The Hague, 1676); M. R. Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (2009); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Leibniz rejected Spinoza’s blind necessity, which leaves God neither choice nor goodness (Theodicy, 1710, §173), adding that Spinoza would be right were there no monads. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), §§173–174; letter to Bourguet, Dec. 1714 (GP III 575)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
आइज़क न्यूटन
जिनकी आलोचना की
In his letters to Clarke (1715–16) Leibniz rejected Newton’s absolute space and a God who must mend his clockwork, and called gravitation without mechanism a perpetual miracle. Leibniz–Clarke Correspondence (1715–16), Leibniz’s letters 1–5
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़क न्यूटन › 1643–1727
जॉन टोलैंड
जिनकी आलोचना की
Leibniz annotated Toland’s Christianity not Mysterious (1701), defending mysteries above but not against reason, and argued against his materialism at the Berlin court (letter to Sophie Charlotte, 1702). G. W. Leibniz, Annotatiunculae subitaneae ad Tolandi librum De Christianismo mysteriis carente (1701); Lettre touchant ce qui est indépendant des sens et de la matière (1702)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन टोलैंड › 1670–1722
कृतियाँ
लॉक के अनुभववाद का बिंदु-दर-बिंदु उत्तर देने वाला संवाद।
- 1710थियोडिसी
अच्छा ईश्वर बुराई की अनुमति क्यों देता है: सभी संभव संसारों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ।
- 1714मोनाडोलॉजी
पूर्व-स्थापित सामंजस्य में खिड़की-रहित मोनाडों के रूप में संसार।
मत
Leibniz’s metaphysics starts from simple, indivisible substances: monads, centres of force and perception without “windows” to the outside. They do not act on each other; God has coordinated them from the outset in a pre-established harmony. Everything has a sufficient reason, and among infinitely many possible worlds God chose the best – which is why evil must be understood within the whole (theodicy). He distinguished truths of reason from truths of fact and dreamed of a universal symbolic language in which disputes could be settled by calculation. He developed the calculus independently of Newton, worked out binary arithmetic and shaped Wolff and Kant.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Leipzig in 1646, Leibniz studied law and philosophy and spent four formative years in Paris, where he developed the calculus. From 1676 he served the House of Brunswick in Hanover as librarian, historian and adviser, while corresponding with scholars across Europe. He was the first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He died in Hanover in 1716, largely forgotten by his patrons.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Discourse on Metaphysics (1686)
- New Essays on Human Understanding (1704)
- Theodicy (1710)
- Monadology (1714)
- Correspondence with Clarke (1715–1716)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘एशिया और यूरोप संवाद में’ · 11 में से पड़ाव 4
- बहस ‘लाइबनित्स और क्लार्क: दिक्, काल और ईश्वर पर’
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है