आइरिस मर्डोक
नैतिकता अधिकांशतः ध्यान की बात है – दूसरे लोगों को न्यायपूर्ण और प्रेमपूर्ण ढंग से देखने की, जो धीरे-धीरे हमें अपनी स्वार्थी कल्पनाओं से मुक्त करती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ऑक्सफ़र्ड की दार्शनिक और उपन्यासकार: नैतिकता ध्यान की बात है – यथार्थ पर एक न्यायपूर्ण और प्रेमपूर्ण दृष्टि, जो स्वयं को पार कर जाती है।
मुख्य विचार
- नैतिक ध्यान
- शुभ की संप्रभुता
- स्व-विलोपन (unselfing)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
प्लेटो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Murdoch took Plato’s Good, pictured as the sun, as the indefinable focus of moral attention (1970) and examined his distrust of art (The Fire and the Sun, 1977). I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970); The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists (1977); SEP “Iris Murdoch”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
प्लेटो › 428–348 ईसा पूर्व
सिमोन वेय
जिनसे प्रभावित
Murdoch borrowed Weil’s word ‘attention’ for ‘a just and loving gaze directed upon an individual reality’, the core of moral life (The Sovereignty of Good, 1970). I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970); S. Weil, “Réflexions sur le bon usage des études scolaires” (1942), in Attente de Dieu (1950); SEP “Iris Murdoch”; SEP “Simone Weil”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिमोन वेय › 1909–1943
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
मैरी मिजली
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Midgley, Murdoch’s fellow student at Oxford, followed her critique of Sartre’s solitary choosing will and wrote on her moral philosophy (‘Sorting out the Zeitgeist’, 1998). M. Midgley, “Sorting out the Zeitgeist: The Moral Philosophy of Iris Murdoch” (1998); C. Mac Cumhaill and R. Wiseman, Metaphysical Animals (2022); SEP “Iris Murdoch”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैरी मिजली › 1919–2018
मार्था नस्बॉम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Nussbaum took up Murdoch’s idea of moral attention as just and loving perception in arguing that novels can do moral philosophy (Love’s Knowledge, 1990). M. C. Nussbaum, Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (1990); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मार्था नस्बॉम › जन्म 1947
ऐलिस क्रैरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Crary followed Murdoch in holding that moral work lies in learning to see situations justly, so that the world, rightly perceived, has moral features (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐलिस क्रैरी › जन्म 1967
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र
जिनकी आलोचना की
Murdoch objected that Sartre’s solitary, choosing will in an empty world leaves out moral vision and the reality of other people (Sartre: Romantic Rationalist, 1953). I. Murdoch, Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (1953); The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ज्यां-पाल सार्त्र › 1905–1980
आर. एम. हेयर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Murdoch objected that Hare’s prescriptivism reduces morality to choice and universalisable rules, neglecting moral vision and the patient work of attention (The Sovereignty of Good, 1970). I. Murdoch, “Vision and Choice in Morality”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 30 (1956); The Sovereignty of Good (1970), “The Idea of Perfection”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आर. एम. हेयर › 1919–2002
कृतियाँ
- 1970शुभ की संप्रभुता
आधुनिक नैतिक दर्शन की रिक्त इच्छा के विरुद्ध: यथार्थ और शुभ पर ध्यान।
मत
Murdoch criticized the moral philosophy of her time, both existentialist and analytic, for reducing ethics to the free choices of an empty will. Moral life, she argued, happens largely before any choice: in how we see. Her example is a mother-in-law who slowly learns to see her daughter-in-law not as vulgar but as refreshingly simple. Such a just and loving gaze requires “unselfing,” overcoming the self-centred fantasy that distorts reality. Following Plato and Simone Weil, she placed the Good at the centre as a sovereign, indefinable reality that draws us like the sun. Her work inspired the revival of virtue ethics and moral realism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin in 1919 and grew up in London. She studied classics and philosophy at Oxford, worked during and after the war in the civil service and with refugees for the United Nations, and taught philosophy at St Anne’s College, Oxford, from 1948. She published 26 novels, winning the Booker Prize in 1978. She died in Oxford in 1999.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (1953)
- Under the Net (1954)
- The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
- Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (1992)
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