大卫·休谟
在休谟看来，我们从未看到一个事物引起另一个事物，只看到一个跟在另一个之后；自我不过是一束经验；而理性服务于我们的情感。
定位
彻底的经验主义者：因果性是习惯，自我是一束知觉，理性是激情的奴隶。
核心思想
- 对因果性的批判
- 归纳问题
- “是”与“应当”的区分
- 自我的束论
影响
受影响于 8
西塞罗
受其影响
Hume told Hutcheson (1739) he meant to take his catalogue of virtues from Cicero’s Offices; his Dialogues concerning Natural Religion follow Cicero’s On the Nature of the Gods. D. Hume to F. Hutcheson, 17 Sept. 1739, in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1779); SEP “Hume on Religion”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年
托马斯·霍布斯
受其影响
Paul Russell (1985) argued that the scope and plan of Hume’s Treatise (1739–40) were modelled on Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640); the thesis is debated. P. Russell, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1985); The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise (2008)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679
尼古拉·马勒伯朗士
受其影响
Hume took Malebranche’s argument that no necessary connection between finite causes and effects is perceived, but rejected his conclusion that God is the only true cause (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the idea of necessary connexion”; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “David Hume”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
尼古拉·马勒伯朗士 › 1638–1715
艾萨克·牛顿
受其影响 ✓
Hume subtitled his Treatise (1739) ‘an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects’, modelling his science of man on Newton’s natural philosophy. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), title page; SEP “David Hume”
艾萨克·牛顿 › 1643–1727
乔治·贝克莱
受其影响 ✓
Hume adopted Berkeley’s account of abstract ideas as particular ideas that stand for others, praising it as a ‘valuable discovery’ (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of abstract ideas”; G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction; SEP “David Hume”
乔治·贝克莱 › 1685–1753
弗朗西斯·哈奇森
受其影响 ✓
Hume grounded the morals of Treatise Book III (1740) in a moral sense, following Hutcheson, and discussed the manuscript with him in letters of 1739–40. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740), “Moral distinctions deriv’d from a moral sense”; letters to F. Hutcheson (1739–40), in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
弗朗西斯·哈奇森 › 1694–1746
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皮埃尔·培尔
受其影响
In the Treatise (1739) Hume used Bayle’s Dictionary article ‘Spinoza’ to turn the charge of atheism back on the theologians’ doctrine of an immaterial soul. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the immateriality of the soul”; P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Spinoza”; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
皮埃尔·培尔 › 1647–1706
伯纳德·曼德维尔
受其影响
Introducing the Treatise (1739), Hume named Mandeville, with Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and Butler, among those who began to put the science of man on a new footing. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
依据: AI 草稿
伯纳德·曼德维尔 › 1670–1733
影响了 17
亚当·斯密
影响了
Smith developed Hume’s account of sympathy into the theory of moral judgement of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), denying that utility is the first source of approval. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part IV; D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚当·斯密 › 1723–1790
弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比
影响了 ✓
In David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism (1787) Jacobi took over Hume’s ‘belief’ as his own term for the immediate certainty of external things. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比 › 1743–1819
杰里米·边沁
影响了
On reading Hume’s Treatise, Bentham felt ‘as if scales had fallen’ from his eyes: utility was the test of virtue (A Fragment on Government, 1776). J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
杰里米·边沁 › 1748–1832
奥古斯特·孔德
影响了
Comte’s restriction of science to laws of phenomena, renouncing the search for causes, is commonly traced to Hume’s critique of causation (Cours de philosophie positive, 1830–42). A. Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (1830–42); M. Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, vol. I (1993); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857
伯特兰·罗素
影响了 ✓
Russell restated Hume’s problem of induction, holding that the inductive principle can be neither proved nor disproved by experience (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), “On Induction”; A History of Western Philosophy (1945); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
伯特兰·罗素 › 1872–1970
卡尔·波普尔
影响了
Popper accepted Hume’s argument that induction cannot be logically justified but rejected his psychology of habit, replacing induction with conjecture and falsification (Objective Knowledge, 1972). K. R. Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934); Objective Knowledge (1972), “Conjectural Knowledge: My Solution of the Problem of Induction”; SEP “Karl Popper”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
显示全部 (17)收起
约翰·米勒
影响了
Millar, who met Hume at Lord Kames’ house and later taught his nephew, was by John Craig’s account ‘convinced of the truth’ of Hume’s metaphysical opinions. J. Craig, “Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar”, in J. Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (4th ed., 1806)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·米勒 › 1735–1801
阿列克修斯·迈农
影响了
Meinong’s first works, Hume-Studien I (1877) on abstraction and nominalism and II (1882) on relations, began from Hume’s theory and prepared his own theory of relations. A. Meinong, Hume-Studien I: Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus (1877); Hume-Studien II: Zur Relationstheorie (1882); SEP “Alexius Meinong”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
阿列克修斯·迈农 › 1853–1920
爱德华·韦斯特马克
影响了
Westermarck placed his theory that moral judgements express disinterested emotions of approval and disapproval in Hume’s tradition, naming Hume a forerunner (Ethical Relativity, 1932). E. Westermarck, Ethical Relativity (1932); The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); T. Stroup, Westermarck’s Ethics (1982); SEP “Hume’s Moral Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·韦斯特马克 › 1862–1939
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
影响了 ✓
Einstein said that reading Hume’s critique of concepts, with Mach, helped him question absolute simultaneity in special relativity (letter to Schlick, 1915; Autobiographical Notes, 1949). A. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949); Einstein to M. Schlick, 14 Dec. 1915; SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 › 1879–1955
A. J. 艾耶尔
影响了
Ayer modelled his split of analytic and empirical propositions on Hume’s relations of ideas and matters of fact, quoting his ‘commit it then to the flames’ (1936). A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936); Hume (1980); D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
A. J. 艾耶尔 › 1910–1989
P. F. 斯特劳森
影响了
Strawson took from Hume a naturalist answer to scepticism: belief in bodies and induction are inescapable natural commitments that neither need nor admit justification (Skepticism and Naturalism, 1985). P. F. Strawson, Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties (1985); SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”
依据: AI 草稿
P. F. 斯特劳森 › 1919–2006
约翰·罗尔斯
影响了
Rawls took the circumstances of justice – moderate scarcity and limited altruism – from Hume as the conditions under which justice is needed (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature III (1740); An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002
吉尔·德勒兹
影响了 ✓
In Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953) Deleuze read Hume as showing how a subject is constituted within the given through habit and association, and stressed his externality of relations. G. Deleuze, Empirisme et subjectivité (1953); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “David Hume”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
吉尔·德勒兹 › 1925–1995
索尔·克里普克
影响了 ✓
Kripke modelled the ‘sceptical solution’ he ascribed to Wittgenstein on Hume’s treatment of causation: a sceptical paradox about meaning is answered by community practice, not facts (1982). S. A. Kripke, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982); D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “Rule-Following and Intentionality”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
索尔·克里普克 › 1940–2022
戴维·刘易斯
影响了
Lewis named his thesis of ‘Humean supervenience’ after Hume, the denier of necessary connections: everything supervenes on the local distribution of particular qualities (Philosophical Papers II, 1986). D. Lewis, Philosophical Papers, vol. II (1986), introduction; “Humean Supervenience Debugged”, Mind 103 (1994); SEP “David Lewis”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
戴维·刘易斯 › 1941–2001
德里克·帕菲特
影响了
Parfit’s reductionism about persons – identity is psychological and physical continuity, no further fact – is commonly compared with Hume’s bundle view (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), “Of personal identity”; SEP “Personal Identity”
依据: AI 草稿
德里克·帕菲特 › 1942–2017
批评
受批评于 5
托马斯·里德
受其批评
Reid argued that Hume’s scepticism follows from the theory of ideas and answered it with first principles of common sense (Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, chs. I and VII; SEP “Thomas Reid”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·里德 › 1710–1796
伊曼努尔·康德 影响了
影响了 ✓
Kant generalised Hume’s question about cause and effect into the problem of how synthetic judgements a priori are possible (Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd ed. 1787, Introduction). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (2nd ed. 1787), Introduction; Prolegomena (1783); SEP “Kant and Hume on Causality”
受其批评
Kant credited Hume with interrupting his dogmatic slumber but rejected deriving causality from habit, making it an a priori category (Prolegomena, 1783, Preface). I. Kant, Prolegomena (1783), Preface (AA IV 257–260); Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 19–20, B 127–128
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
凯瑟琳·麦考利
受其批评
Macaulay’s History of England (1763–1783) set a republican account of the Stuart era against Hume’s History, which in Macaulay’s view excused arbitrary royal power. C. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line (8 vols., 1763–1783); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
依据: AI 草稿
凯瑟琳·麦考利 › 1731–1791
玛丽·谢泼德
受其批评
Against Hume, Shepherd held that reason, not custom, shows that nothing begins to exist without a cause (Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect, 1824). M. Shepherd, An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect (1824); SEP “Mary Shepherd”
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽·谢泼德 › 1777–1847
阿拉斯戴尔·麦金泰尔
受其批评
MacIntyre read Hume’s grounding of morals in the passions, and his is–ought gap, as part of the failed Enlightenment project of justifying morality (After Virtue, 1981). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), chs. 4–5; Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
阿拉斯戴尔·麦金泰尔 › 1929–2025
批评了 3
勒内·笛卡尔
批评了
Hume objected that Descartes’ antecedent universal doubt would be incurable, since no principle could restore trust in our faculties once all were suspended (Enquiry, 1748, XII). D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), XII.i; SEP “David Hume”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
约翰·洛克 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Hume took over Locke’s principle that all ideas come from experience, recasting it as the thesis that every simple idea copies a prior impression (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); SEP “David Hume”
批评了
Hume objected that Locke drew the idea of power from reasoning, though no reasoning can yield a new simple idea (Treatise, 1739, 1.3.14; Enquiry VII). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), 1.3.14; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), VII, note; J. Locke, Essay II.xxi
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704
亚当·弗格森
批评了
Hume judged the draft of Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society unfit for the public in style and reasoning (letter to Hugh Blair, 1766). D. Hume to H. Blair, 11 Feb. 1766, in The Letters of David Hume, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932), vol. II
依据: AI 草稿
亚当·弗格森 › 1723–1816
作品
立场
Hume wanted to build a science of human nature on experience. All our ideas derive from impressions, and when we examine causation we find no necessary connection, only constant conjunction and our habit of expecting the effect – so induction has no rational justification. The self, too, is no substance, but a bundle of perceptions. In ethics reason is “the slave of the passions”: morality rests on feeling and sympathy, and no “ought” follows from an “is”. His Dialogues dismantle the argument from design. Kant said that Hume’s scepticism woke him from his “dogmatic slumber”, and he remains a key influence on empiricism and analytic philosophy. In a footnote added to “Of National Characters” in 1753 he wrote that he was “apt to suspect” Black people to be “naturally inferior to the whites” – a passage contested already in his lifetime (by James Beattie, among others) and central to debates about racism in the Enlightenment.
生平与背景
Born in Edinburgh in 1711, Hume wrote his first major work while staying in France and published it in his late twenties. Its poor reception and his reputation as a sceptic cost him professorships in Edinburgh and Glasgow. He became famous instead as an essayist and as the author of a History of England, worked as librarian of the Advocates’ Library in Edinburgh and as a diplomat in Paris, and died in Edinburgh in 1776.
其他主要作品
- A Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
- An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
- The History of England (1754–1762)
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘怀疑与自我’ · 第 5 站，共 10 站
- 争论 ‘我们自由吗？神经科学时代的自由意志’
- 争论 ‘死亡的权利？协助死亡’
- 争论 ‘休谟与卢梭：1766年的争吵’
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