डेविड ह्यूम
ह्यूम के अनुसार, हम कभी किसी वस्तु को दूसरी का कारण बनते नहीं देखते, केवल एक को दूसरी के बाद आते देखते हैं; आत्म केवल अनुभवों का एक गुच्छा है; और तर्क हमारी भावनाओं का सेवक है।
पृष्ठभूमि
उग्र अनुभववादी: कार्य-कारण आदत है, आत्मा प्रत्यक्षों का एक गुच्छा, और बुद्धि भावनाओं की दासी।
मुख्य विचार
- कार्य-कारण की आलोचना
- आगमन की समस्या
- है–चाहिए का भेद
- आत्मा का गुच्छा-सिद्धांत
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 8
सिसरो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hume told Hutcheson (1739) he meant to take his catalogue of virtues from Cicero’s Offices; his Dialogues concerning Natural Religion follow Cicero’s On the Nature of the Gods. D. Hume to F. Hutcheson, 17 Sept. 1739, in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1779); SEP “Hume on Religion”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Paul Russell (1985) argued that the scope and plan of Hume’s Treatise (1739–40) were modelled on Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640); the thesis is debated. P. Russell, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1985); The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise (2008)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
निकोला मालब्रांश
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hume took Malebranche’s argument that no necessary connection between finite causes and effects is perceived, but rejected his conclusion that God is the only true cause (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the idea of necessary connexion”; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “David Hume”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
निकोला मालब्रांश › 1638–1715
आइज़क न्यूटन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Hume subtitled his Treatise (1739) ‘an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects’, modelling his science of man on Newton’s natural philosophy. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), title page; SEP “David Hume”
आइज़क न्यूटन › 1643–1727
जार्ज बर्कली
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Hume adopted Berkeley’s account of abstract ideas as particular ideas that stand for others, praising it as a ‘valuable discovery’ (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of abstract ideas”; G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction; SEP “David Hume”
जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
फ्रांसिस हचेसन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Hume grounded the morals of Treatise Book III (1740) in a moral sense, following Hutcheson, and discussed the manuscript with him in letters of 1739–40. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740), “Moral distinctions deriv’d from a moral sense”; letters to F. Hutcheson (1739–40), in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
फ्रांसिस हचेसन › 1694–1746
सभी दिखाएँ (8)कम दिखाएँ
पियर बेल
जिनसे प्रभावित
In the Treatise (1739) Hume used Bayle’s Dictionary article ‘Spinoza’ to turn the charge of atheism back on the theologians’ doctrine of an immaterial soul. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the immateriality of the soul”; P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Spinoza”; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर बेल › 1647–1706
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Introducing the Treatise (1739), Hume named Mandeville, with Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and Butler, among those who began to put the science of man on a new footing. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 17
एडम स्मिथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Smith developed Hume’s account of sympathy into the theory of moral judgement of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), denying that utility is the first source of approval. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part IV; D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism (1787) Jacobi took over Hume’s ‘belief’ as his own term for the immediate certainty of external things. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी › 1743–1819
जेरेमी बेन्थम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
On reading Hume’s Treatise, Bentham felt ‘as if scales had fallen’ from his eyes: utility was the test of virtue (A Fragment on Government, 1776). J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
आगस्त काँत
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Comte’s restriction of science to laws of phenomena, renouncing the search for causes, is commonly traced to Hume’s critique of causation (Cours de philosophie positive, 1830–42). A. Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (1830–42); M. Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, vol. I (1993); SEP “Auguste Comte”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
आगस्त काँत › 1798–1857
बर्टराण्ड रसेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Russell restated Hume’s problem of induction, holding that the inductive principle can be neither proved nor disproved by experience (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), “On Induction”; A History of Western Philosophy (1945); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970
कार्ल पॉपर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Popper accepted Hume’s argument that induction cannot be logically justified but rejected his psychology of habit, replacing induction with conjecture and falsification (Objective Knowledge, 1972). K. R. Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934); Objective Knowledge (1972), “Conjectural Knowledge: My Solution of the Problem of Induction”; SEP “Karl Popper”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
सभी दिखाएँ (17)कम दिखाएँ
जॉन मिलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Millar, who met Hume at Lord Kames’ house and later taught his nephew, was by John Craig’s account ‘convinced of the truth’ of Hume’s metaphysical opinions. J. Craig, “Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar”, in J. Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (4th ed., 1806)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन मिलर › 1735–1801
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Meinong’s first works, Hume-Studien I (1877) on abstraction and nominalism and II (1882) on relations, began from Hume’s theory and prepared his own theory of relations. A. Meinong, Hume-Studien I: Zur Geschichte und Kritik des modernen Nominalismus (1877); Hume-Studien II: Zur Relationstheorie (1882); SEP “Alexius Meinong”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
अलेक्सियस माइनॉन्ग › 1853–1920
एडवर्ड वेस्टरमार्क
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Westermarck placed his theory that moral judgements express disinterested emotions of approval and disapproval in Hume’s tradition, naming Hume a forerunner (Ethical Relativity, 1932). E. Westermarck, Ethical Relativity (1932); The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); T. Stroup, Westermarck’s Ethics (1982); SEP “Hume’s Moral Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडवर्ड वेस्टरमार्क › 1862–1939
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Einstein said that reading Hume’s critique of concepts, with Mach, helped him question absolute simultaneity in special relativity (letter to Schlick, 1915; Autobiographical Notes, 1949). A. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949); Einstein to M. Schlick, 14 Dec. 1915; SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन › 1879–1955
ए. जे. एयर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ayer modelled his split of analytic and empirical propositions on Hume’s relations of ideas and matters of fact, quoting his ‘commit it then to the flames’ (1936). A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936); Hume (1980); D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Strawson took from Hume a naturalist answer to scepticism: belief in bodies and induction are inescapable natural commitments that neither need nor admit justification (Skepticism and Naturalism, 1985). P. F. Strawson, Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties (1985); SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन › 1919–2006
जॉन राल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rawls took the circumstances of justice – moderate scarcity and limited altruism – from Hume as the conditions under which justice is needed (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature III (1740); An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953) Deleuze read Hume as showing how a subject is constituted within the given through habit and association, and stressed his externality of relations. G. Deleuze, Empirisme et subjectivité (1953); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “David Hume”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
शॉल क्रिपके
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kripke modelled the ‘sceptical solution’ he ascribed to Wittgenstein on Hume’s treatment of causation: a sceptical paradox about meaning is answered by community practice, not facts (1982). S. A. Kripke, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982); D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “Rule-Following and Intentionality”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
शॉल क्रिपके › 1940–2022
डेविड लेविस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lewis named his thesis of ‘Humean supervenience’ after Hume, the denier of necessary connections: everything supervenes on the local distribution of particular qualities (Philosophical Papers II, 1986). D. Lewis, Philosophical Papers, vol. II (1986), introduction; “Humean Supervenience Debugged”, Mind 103 (1994); SEP “David Lewis”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेविड लेविस › 1941–2001
डेरेक पारफ़िट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Parfit’s reductionism about persons – identity is psychological and physical continuity, no further fact – is commonly compared with Hume’s bundle view (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), “Of personal identity”; SEP “Personal Identity”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेरेक पारफ़िट › 1942–2017
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
थॉमस रीड
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Reid argued that Hume’s scepticism follows from the theory of ideas and answered it with first principles of common sense (Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, chs. I and VII; SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस रीड › 1710–1796
इमानुएल कांट जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kant generalised Hume’s question about cause and effect into the problem of how synthetic judgements a priori are possible (Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd ed. 1787, Introduction). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (2nd ed. 1787), Introduction; Prolegomena (1783); SEP “Kant and Hume on Causality”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant credited Hume with interrupting his dogmatic slumber but rejected deriving causality from habit, making it an a priori category (Prolegomena, 1783, Preface). I. Kant, Prolegomena (1783), Preface (AA IV 257–260); Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 19–20, B 127–128
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कैथरीन मैकॉले
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Macaulay’s History of England (1763–1783) set a republican account of the Stuart era against Hume’s History, which in Macaulay’s view excused arbitrary royal power. C. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line (8 vols., 1763–1783); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैथरीन मैकॉले › 1731–1791
मैरी शेफ़र्ड
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Against Hume, Shepherd held that reason, not custom, shows that nothing begins to exist without a cause (Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect, 1824). M. Shepherd, An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect (1824); SEP “Mary Shepherd”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैरी शेफ़र्ड › 1777–1847
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
MacIntyre read Hume’s grounding of morals in the passions, and his is–ought gap, as part of the failed Enlightenment project of justifying morality (After Virtue, 1981). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), chs. 4–5; Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hume objected that Descartes’ antecedent universal doubt would be incurable, since no principle could restore trust in our faculties once all were suspended (Enquiry, 1748, XII). D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), XII.i; SEP “David Hume”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
जॉन लॉक जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Hume took over Locke’s principle that all ideas come from experience, recasting it as the thesis that every simple idea copies a prior impression (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); SEP “David Hume”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hume objected that Locke drew the idea of power from reasoning, though no reasoning can yield a new simple idea (Treatise, 1739, 1.3.14; Enquiry VII). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), 1.3.14; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), VII, note; J. Locke, Essay II.xxi
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
एडम फर्ग्यूसन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hume judged the draft of Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society unfit for the public in style and reasoning (letter to Hugh Blair, 1766). D. Hume to H. Blair, 11 Feb. 1766, in The Letters of David Hume, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932), vol. II
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम फर्ग्यूसन › 1723–1816
कृतियाँ
प्रत्यक्ष और विचार, आदत के रूप में कार्य-कारण, गुच्छे के रूप में आत्मा।
कार्य-कारण और आगमन की समस्याओं का तीक्ष्ण रूप।
रचना-प्रयोजन तर्क की आलोचना।
मत
Hume wanted to build a science of human nature on experience. All our ideas derive from impressions, and when we examine causation we find no necessary connection, only constant conjunction and our habit of expecting the effect – so induction has no rational justification. The self, too, is no substance, but a bundle of perceptions. In ethics reason is “the slave of the passions”: morality rests on feeling and sympathy, and no “ought” follows from an “is”. His Dialogues dismantle the argument from design. Kant said that Hume’s scepticism woke him from his “dogmatic slumber”, and he remains a key influence on empiricism and analytic philosophy. In a footnote added to “Of National Characters” in 1753 he wrote that he was “apt to suspect” Black people to be “naturally inferior to the whites” – a passage contested already in his lifetime (by James Beattie, among others) and central to debates about racism in the Enlightenment.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Edinburgh in 1711, Hume wrote his first major work while staying in France and published it in his late twenties. Its poor reception and his reputation as a sceptic cost him professorships in Edinburgh and Glasgow. He became famous instead as an essayist and as the author of a History of England, worked as librarian of the Advocates’ Library in Edinburgh and as a diplomat in Paris, and died in Edinburgh in 1776.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
- An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
- The History of England (1754–1762)
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)
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