皮埃尔·培尔
没有任何宗教或哲学教条是可以被证明的，所以每个人，甚至无神论者，都应当得到宽容，并享有遵从自己良心的自由。
定位
流亡鹿特丹的胡格诺派教徒：他的《历史与批判辞典》把怀疑论对准一切教条主义，并主张宽容，甚至对无神论者也要宽容。
核心思想
- 怀疑论
- 犯错的良知的权利
- 恶的问题
影响
受影响于 4
塞克斯都·恩披里柯
受其影响
Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
塞克斯都·恩披里柯 › 约160–210年
米歇尔·德·蒙田
受其影响
Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)
依据: AI 草稿
米歇尔·德·蒙田 › 1533–1592
弗朗西斯科·桑切斯
受其影响
Bayle gave Francisco Sanches an article in his Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697), calling the author of That Nothing Is Known (1581) a ‘great Pyrrhonist’. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Sanchez”; F. Sanches, Quod nihil scitur (1581); SEP “Francisco Sanches”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗西斯科·桑切斯 › 1551–1623
勒内·笛卡尔
受其影响
Bayle taught Cartesian philosophy at Sedan and Rotterdam, and in his Dictionary (1697) turned the Cartesian arguments against sensible qualities against the reality of extension itself. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Zénon d’Élée”, “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
影响了 3
伯纳德·曼德维尔
影响了
Mandeville took from Bayle’s Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) the view that people act from passions, not professed principles, which underlies The Fable of the Bees (1714). P. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye (1924), introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
依据: AI 草稿
伯纳德·曼德维尔 › 1670–1733
大卫·休谟
影响了
In the Treatise (1739) Hume used Bayle’s Dictionary article ‘Spinoza’ to turn the charge of atheism back on the theologians’ doctrine of an immaterial soul. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the immateriality of the soul”; P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Spinoza”; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
批评
相互批评 1
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 ⇄ 相互
批评了
In the article ‘Rorarius’ of his Dictionnaire (1697; 2nd ed. 1702) Bayle questioned Leibniz’s pre-established harmony: how could a dog’s soul pass from pleasure to pain unprompted? P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, art. “Rorarius”, remarks H and L; G. W. Leibniz, Éclaircissement (1698); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Leibniz’s Theodicy (1710) answered Bayle’s claim that reason cannot reconcile evil with a good God, arguing that faith and reason agree and this is the best possible world. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), Discours préliminaire, Parts I–III; SEP “Leibniz on the Problem of Evil”
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
批评了 1
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
批评了
Bayle called Spinoza’s single substance ‘the most absurd and monstrous hypothesis’: God would be both the Germans and the Turks killing each other (Dictionnaire, 1697, ‘Spinoza’). P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), art. “Spinoza”, remark N; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
作品
- 1697历史与批判辞典
脚注成为怀疑论的军火库——论恶、论斯宾诺莎，以及理性在宗教中的限度。
立场
Bayle used erudition as a weapon of doubt. In his Historical and Critical Dictionary the footnotes swell into long arguments showing that reason, pressed far enough, entangles itself in contradictions – above all when it tries to reconcile a good God with the evil in the world. Faith cannot be proved, only held. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which cost his brother his life, he argued for tolerance: even an erring conscience has rights, and a society of atheists could be morally decent. Leibniz wrote his Theodicy in reply, and the Enlightenment from Voltaire to Hume drew on his arsenal.
生平与背景
Pierre Bayle was born in 1647 in Le Carla in southern France, the son of a Calvinist pastor. Briefly a Catholic convert as a student in Toulouse, he returned to his faith and had to flee. After teaching at the Protestant academy of Sedan he settled in Rotterdam in 1681, where he taught at the Illustrious School, edited the learned journal Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684–87) and lost his professorship in 1693 after clashes with fellow Huguenots. He died there in 1706.
其他主要作品
- Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet (1682)
- Philosophical Commentary on the Words “Compel Them to Come In” (1686)
- Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
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