奥古斯特·孔德

Agora

奥古斯特·孔德

1798–1857

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

人类的思想从宗教的解释成熟为抽象的解释，再成熟为科学的解释，而社会本身也应当用科学来研究。

定位

社会学与社会理论 · 西欧 · 科学, 社会与历史

实证主义的创立者，社会学一词的命名者：每门科学都从神学阶段经形而上学阶段进入实证阶段；晚年他创立了“人类宗教”。

核心思想

实证主义
三阶段定律
人类宗教

老师: 亨利·德·圣西门

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影响

受影响于 2

大卫·休谟

受其影响
Comte’s restriction of science to laws of phenomena, renouncing the search for causes, is commonly traced to Hume’s critique of causation (Cours de philosophie positive, 1830–42). A. Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (1830–42); M. Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, vol. I (1993); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
亨利·德·圣西门师从

师从 ✓
Comte was Saint-Simon’s secretary and collaborator from 1817 until their break in 1824; his early writings show Saint-Simon’s influence. SEP “Auguste Comte”; M. Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography I (1993)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
亨利·德·圣西门 › 1760–1825

影响了 7

哈丽雅特·马蒂诺

影响了
Martineau shared Comte’s view that society, like nature, follows knowable laws and condensed his Course of Positive Philosophy into an English version (1853). H. Martineau (trans.), The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1853); How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: AI 草稿
哈丽雅特·马蒂诺 › 1802–1876
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔

影响了
Mill took up Comte’s positive method and law of three stages in A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865) rejected the later system as despotic. J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
弗朗茨·布伦塔诺

影响了
Brentano shared Comte’s demand that philosophy use the method of natural science (‘Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie’, 1869), but defended inner perception against him (1874). F. Brentano, “Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie” (1869), in Die vier Phasen der Philosophie (1926); Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·布伦塔诺 › 1838–1917
安特诺尔·菲尔曼

影响了
Firmin called his reply to Gobineau a ‘positive anthropology’, using Comte’s positive method against racial classifications built on prejudice (De l’égalité des races humaines, 1885). A. Firmin, De l’égalité des races humaines: Anthropologie positive (1885); C. Fluehr-Lobban, introduction to The Equality of the Human Races (2000)
依据: AI 草稿
安特诺尔·菲尔曼 › 1850–1911
托马斯·加里格·马萨里克

影响了
Masaryk modelled his classification of the sciences on Comte’s (Versuch einer concreten Logik, 1887) and joined Comte’s positivism with Brentano’s empiricism and a non-confessional ethics. T. G. Masaryk, Versuch einer concreten Logik (1887); Der Selbstmord als sociale Massenerscheinung der modernen Civilisation (1881)
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·加里格·马萨里克 › 1850–1937
埃米尔·涂尔干

影响了 ✓
Durkheim took over Comte’s positive science of society but rejected the law of three stages as philosophy of history, not science (Les règles de la méthode sociologique, 1895). É. Durkheim, Les règles de la méthode sociologique (1895); A. Comte, Cours de philosophie positive (1830–42); S. Lukes, Émile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1973); SEP “Auguste Comte”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃米尔·涂尔干 › 1858–1917
诺贝特·埃利亚斯

影响了
Elias opened What is Sociology? (1970) with Comte, valuing his move from a philosophical to a sociological theory of knowledge as a long-term process across generations. N. Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (1970), “Soziologie – die Fragestellung Comtes”; S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
依据: AI 草稿
诺贝特·埃利亚斯 › 1897–1990

批评

受批评于 6

卡尔·马克思

受其批评
Marx found Comte’s positivism ‘miserable compared to Hegel’ and mocked Comte’s school for making the lords of capital an eternal necessity (letter to Engels, 1866; Capital I, 1867). K. Marx, letter to F. Engels, 7 July 1866 (MEW 31); Das Kapital I (1867), chapter on co-operation, note on Comte
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
赫伯特·斯宾塞

受其批评
In ‘Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte’ (1864) Spencer rejected Comte’s linear classification of the sciences and denied being his follower. H. Spencer, “Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte” (1864), appended to The Classification of the Sciences (1864)
依据: AI 草稿
赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903
威廉·狄尔泰

受其批评
Dilthey rejected Comte’s sociology as a naturalistic metaphysics of history that forces the human sciences into the methods of natural science (Introduction to the Human Sciences, 1883). W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Book I; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·狄尔泰 › 1833–1911
弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫

受其批评
Solovyov’s master’s thesis, The Crisis of Western Philosophy: Against the Positivists (1874), argued that Comte’s positivism marks the exhaustion of Western abstract rationalism. V. Solovyov, Krizis zapadnoi filosofii. Protiv pozitivistov (1874)
依据: AI 草稿
弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫 › 1853–1900
何塞·巴斯孔塞洛斯

受其批评
Vasconcelos and the Ateneo de la Juventud rejected the Comtean positivism of Porfirian Mexico for a philosophy of emotion and beauty (lecture on Gabino Barreda, 1910). J. Vasconcelos, “Don Gabino Barreda y las ideas contemporáneas”, lecture at the Ateneo de la Juventud (1910); La raza cósmica (1925)
依据: AI 草稿
何塞·巴斯孔塞洛斯 › 1882–1959
乔治·康吉莱姆

受其批评
Canguilhem rejected the thesis Comte took from Broussais that disease differs from health only in degree, holding that norms are set by the living being itself (1943). G. Canguilhem, Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique (1943), part I, ch. 2
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·康吉莱姆 › 1904–1995

作品

1830实证哲学教程
三阶段律与科学的等级体系。

立场

Comte founded positivism: true knowledge is limited to observable phenomena and the laws that connect them. According to his law of three stages, every branch of knowledge passes from a theological stage (explanation by gods), through a metaphysical one (abstract forces and essences), to the positive or scientific stage. The sciences form a hierarchy from mathematics through astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology to the newest and most complex, for which the Course coined the name “sociology”: a science of social statics (order) and social dynamics (progress) that was to reorganise society after the upheavals of the Revolution. In the System of Positive Polity he turned this into a programme for a religion of humanity, in which Humanity, the “Great Being”, takes the place of God, with a calendar of great men, sacraments and a priesthood of scholars, under the maxim “live for others” – Comte also coined the word “altruism”. Mill, who had admired the Course, rejected this later system as despotic. Positivist churches were founded in France, England and Brazil, whose flag still bears the motto “Order and Progress”; Durkheim and the logical empiricists took up the earlier, scientific Comte.

生平与背景

Auguste Comte was born in Montpellier in 1798 and entered the École polytechnique in 1814; two years later he was expelled with his fellow students when the school was temporarily closed. From 1817 to 1824 he was secretary to the social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon, until they quarrelled over the authorship of a joint work. He began a private lecture course on positive philosophy in 1826, broke down after a few sessions and attempted suicide in 1827, then completed the course as the six volumes of the Course of Positive Philosophy (1830–42). He earned his living as tutor and examiner at the Polytechnique until he lost these posts in the 1840s, after which admirers, among them John Stuart Mill, supported him. His love for Clotilde de Vaux, who died in 1846, turned him towards founding a “religion of humanity”. He died in Paris in 1857.