艾萨克·牛顿
同样简单的运动和引力定律支配着一只落下的苹果和行星——而科学应当陈述定律，而不是发明隐藏的原因。
定位
万有引力与自然的数学定律——启蒙运动的典范。
核心思想
- 引力
- “我不杜撰假说”（Hypotheses non fingo）
影响
受影响于 2
尼古拉·哥白尼
受其影响
Newton gave the Copernican arrangement of the planets a dynamical basis by deriving planetary motion around the sun from universal gravitation (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); SEP “Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
依据: AI 草稿
尼古拉·哥白尼 › 1473–1543
伽利略·伽利莱
受其影响
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
依据: AI 草稿
伽利略·伽利莱 › 1564–1642
影响了 5
埃米莉·迪·夏特莱
影响了 ✓
Du Châtelet translated Newton’s Principia into French with a commentary of her own, completed shortly before her death in 1749 and published in 1756/1759. I. Newton, Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle, tr. É. Du Châtelet (1756/1759); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
埃米莉·迪·夏特莱 › 1706–1749
大卫·休谟
影响了 ✓
Hume subtitled his Treatise (1739) ‘an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects’, modelling his science of man on Newton’s natural philosophy. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), title page; SEP “David Hume”
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
伊曼努尔·康德
影响了 ✓
Kant’s Universal Natural History (1755) explained the origin of the planetary system by Newtonian attraction plus a repulsive force, a question Newton had left to God. I. Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (1755); SEP “Kant’s Philosophy of Science”
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
影响了 ✓
Einstein kept Newton’s mechanics as a limiting case while replacing absolute space and time with relativistic spacetime and gravitation with curvature (‘Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1916). A. Einstein, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 49 (1916); “Autobiographical Notes” (1949); SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 › 1879–1955
批评
受批评于 3
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其批评
In his letters to Clarke (1715–16) Leibniz rejected Newton’s absolute space and a God who must mend his clockwork, and called gravitation without mechanism a perpetual miracle. Leibniz–Clarke Correspondence (1715–16), Leibniz’s letters 1–5
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
乔治·贝克莱
受其批评
Berkeley attacked Newton’s fluxions as ‘ghosts of departed quantities’ (The Analyst, 1734) and rejected absolute space and motion (Principles, 1710, §§110–117; De motu, 1721). G. Berkeley, The Analyst (1734), §35; Principles (1710), §§110–117; De motu (1721); SEP “George Berkeley”
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·贝克莱 › 1685–1753
恩斯特·马赫
受其批评
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
依据: AI 草稿
恩斯特·马赫 › 1838–1916
批评了 1
勒内·笛卡尔 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Newton studied Descartes’ Géométrie and Principia philosophiae (1660s); his first law is close to Descartes’ laws of nature, and his title echoes Descartes’ (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); R. Descartes, Principia philosophiae (1644); R. S. Westfall, Never at Rest (1980); SEP “Isaac Newton”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
批评了
Newton argued that Descartes’ vortices cannot account for Kepler’s laws (Principia II, 1687), and rejected his identification of space with body (De gravitatione). I. Newton, Principia (1687) II, scholium to prop. 53; De gravitatione et aequipondio fluidorum; SEP “Newton’s Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
作品
运动定律与万有引力。
立场
Newton’s Principia showed that one set of mathematical laws – the laws of motion and universal gravitation – governs both a falling apple and the orbits of the planets. Heaven and earth obey the same physics. He set out rules of reasoning that ground general laws on observation and induction, and refused to speculate about the hidden cause of gravity: “I frame no hypotheses.” His assumption of absolute space and time sparked a famous debate with Leibniz. For the Enlightenment, Newton became the model of what human reason can achieve; Hume, Kant and Voltaire all measured philosophy against his achievement.
生平与背景
Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Newton studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In a few intense years he developed calculus, a theory of light and the beginnings of his mechanics. Later he became Master of the Royal Mint in London and President of the Royal Society. He died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
其他主要作品
- Opticks (1704)
- General Scholium (1713)
出现在
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