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弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比

1743–1819

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

任何一路跟随理性的哲学最终都会否定自由和上帝，所以只有信仰的一跃才能拯救它们。

定位

德国唯心主义及其后继者 · 西欧 · 宗教, 认识论

引发了泛神论之争：每一种前后一贯的理性哲学，都像斯宾诺莎的哲学一样，终止于宿命论——只有信仰的一跃才能拯救自由。

核心思想

  • 泛神论之争
  • 信仰的“致命一跃”（salto mortale）
  • “虚无主义”作为一种指责

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影响

受影响于 2

  • 托马斯·里德

    受其影响

    Jacobi drew on Scottish common-sense philosophy, Reid’s included, for his realist thesis in David Hume (1787) that perception gives immediate certainty of things, as M. Kuehn has shown. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben (1787); M. Kuehn, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768–1800 (1987); G. di Giovanni, “Hume, Jacobi, and Common Sense” (1998)

    依据: AI 草稿

    托马斯·里德 › 1710–1796

  • 大卫·休谟

    受其影响 ✓

    In David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism (1787) Jacobi took over Hume’s ‘belief’ as his own term for the immediate certainty of external things. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776

影响了 1

  • 弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫

    影响了

    Schleiermacher first studied Spinoza through Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (1785) and set down what he learned in notes, including a ‘Short Presentation of the Spinozist System’ (1793–94). F. Schleiermacher, Spinozismus; Kurze Darstellung des Spinozistischen Systems (1793–94); F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (1785); SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫 › 1768–1834

批评

受批评于 2

  • 格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

    受其批评

    Hegel judged Jacobi’s immediate knowledge through faith a philosophy of subjectivity that renounces conceptual knowledge of the absolute (Faith and Knowledge, 1802; Encyclopaedia, §§61–78). G. W. F. Hegel, Glauben und Wissen (1802), B; Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1830), §§61–78

    依据: AI 草稿

    格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831

  • 弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林

    受其批评

    Schelling answered Jacobi’s Of Divine Things (1811), which accused him of atheistic naturalism, arguing against Jacobi that God can be known, not only believed (Denkmal, 1812). F. W. J. Schelling, Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen etc. des Herrn Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1812); F. H. Jacobi, Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung (1811)

    依据: AI 草稿

    弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林 › 1775–1854

批评了 3

  • 巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎

    批评了

    Jacobi judged Spinozism the only consistent philosophy of demonstration and therefore fatalism and atheism (Letters on Spinoza, 1785; 2nd ed. 1789). F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785; 2nd ed. 1789); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”

    依据: AI 草稿

    巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677

  • 伊曼努尔·康德

    批评了

    Jacobi objected that without the thing in itself one cannot enter Kant’s system, and with it one cannot remain inside (David Hume on Faith, 1787, appendix). F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben (1787), appendix “Über den transzendentalen Idealismus”; SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”

    依据: AI 草稿

    伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804

  • 摩西·门德尔松

    批评了

    Jacobi revealed to Mendelssohn Lessing’s avowal of Spinozism and argued against Mendelssohn’s rational theism that demonstration ends in fatalism, escaped only by a leap of faith (1785). F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”

    依据: AI 草稿

    摩西·门德尔松 › 1729–1786

作品

立场

Jacobi reported that Lessing had confessed to being a Spinozist, and so set off the pantheism controversy with Mendelssohn. His thesis was that any consistent philosophy of demonstration leads, as in Spinoza, to a closed chain of causes with no room for a personal God or for freedom – to fatalism. The way out is not another proof but a “salto mortale”, a leap into faith, understood as the immediate certainty on which all knowledge rests. Against Kant he objected that without the thing in itself one cannot enter his system, and with it one cannot remain there; against Fichte he raised the charge of “nihilism”. He deeply shaped German Idealism.

生平与背景

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi was born in Düsseldorf in 1743 into a merchant family and trained in commerce in Frankfurt and Geneva. He later became a civil servant and made his estate at Pempelfort a meeting place for writers, Goethe among them. Fleeing French troops in 1794, he lived in Holstein, then moved to Munich, where he presided over the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. He died there in 1819.

其他主要作品

  • On the Doctrine of Spinoza in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn (1785)
  • David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism (1787)
  • Jacobi to Fichte (1799)
  • On Divine Things and Their Revelation (1811)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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