托马斯·霍布斯
没有国家，生活将是一场所有人对所有人的战争，所以人们同意服从一位维持和平的强大统治者。
定位
自然状态中是一切人对一切人的战争——只有社会契约和强大的主权者才能保障和平。
核心思想
- 自然状态
- 社会契约
- 利维坦
影响
受影响于 3
尼科洛·马基雅维利
受其影响 存在争议
The link is disputed; it rests on three discourses in Horae Subsecivae (1620), attributed to the young Hobbes by computer analysis, which read Tacitus in a Machiavellian vein. N. B. Reynolds and A. W. Saxonhouse (eds.), Thomas Hobbes: Three Discourses (1995); Horae Subsecivae (1620)
依据: AI 草稿
尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527
伽利略·伽利莱
受其影响
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
依据: AI 草稿
伽利略·伽利莱 › 1564–1642
影响了 7
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
影响了 ✓
Spinoza took Hobbes’ thesis that natural right extends as far as power (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670), but kept natural right intact in the civil state (letter to Jelles, 1674). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670); letter to J. Jelles (1674); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
影响了 ✓
The young Leibniz wrote to Hobbes in 1670 and built his early physics on Hobbes’ conatus, the beginning of motion (Theory of Abstract Motion, 1671). G. W. Leibniz, letter to T. Hobbes (1670); Theoria motus abstracti (1671); SEP “Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
大卫·休谟
影响了
Paul Russell (1985) argued that the scope and plan of Hume’s Treatise (1739–40) were modelled on Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640); the thesis is debated. P. Russell, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1985); The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise (2008)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
斐迪南·滕尼斯
影响了
Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)
依据: AI 草稿
斐迪南·滕尼斯 › 1855–1936
卡尔·施米特
影响了 ✓
Schmitt took Hobbes’s ‘auctoritas, non veritas facit legem’ as the formula of decisionism (Politische Theologie, 1922) and later examined the Leviathan as a failed political symbol (1938). C. Schmitt, Politische Theologie (1922); Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938); SEP “Carl Schmitt”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
卡尔·施米特 › 1888–1985
塔尔科特·帕森斯
影响了
Parsons made the ‘Hobbesian problem of order’, why society does not dissolve into a war of all against all, the starting point of his action theory (1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
依据: AI 草稿
塔尔科特·帕森斯 › 1902–1979
诺伯托·博比奥
影响了
Bobbio edited Hobbes’s De cive in Italian (1948) and read him as the founder of the modern natural-law model of the state (Thomas Hobbes, 1989). N. Bobbio, Thomas Hobbes (1989); T. Hobbes, Elementi filosofici sul cittadino, ed. N. Bobbio (1948); N. Bobbio and M. Bovero, Società e stato nella filosofia politica moderna (1979)
依据: AI 草稿
诺伯托·博比奥 › 1909–2004
批评
受批评于 10
玛格丽特·卡文迪什 影响了
影响了
Through her husband’s circle, which included Hobbes, Cavendish shared his view that nature is wholly material, but made matter self-moving and perceptive (Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655). M. Cavendish, Philosophical and Physical Opinions (1655); Philosophical Letters (1664); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Cavendish rejected Hobbes’s account of perception as pressure transmitted from objects to the organs, holding that perceiving matter patterns the object by its own motions (Philosophical Letters, 1664). M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I (letters on Hobbes); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
依据: AI 草稿
玛格丽特·卡文迪什 › 1623–1673
安妮·康韦
受其批评
Conway rejected Hobbes’s materialism, including his claim that God is corporeal, holding that body as Hobbes conceives it could neither think nor feel (Principles, 1690, ch. 9). A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690), ch. 9; SEP “Anne Conway”
依据: AI 草稿
安妮·康韦 › 1631–1679
约翰·洛克 影响了
影响了 ✓
Locke’s early Two Tracts on Government (1660–62) defended an absolute magistrate close to Hobbes; later he kept the state of nature and consent but denied reading Hobbes closely. J. Locke, Two Tracts on Government, ed. P. Abrams (1967); replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
受其批评
Locke set the state of nature apart from the state of war and rejected absolute rule as its remedy (Second Treatise, 1689, §§19, 93); Hobbes is not named. J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§13, 19, 90–94; SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704
沙夫茨伯里
受其批评
Shaftesbury rejected Hobbes’s picture of humans as solely self-interested, holding that natural affection for others and for the common good belongs to human nature (Sensus Communis, 1709). Shaftesbury, Sensus Communis (1709), II.1, III.1; An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699/1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
依据: AI 草稿
沙夫茨伯里 › 1671–1713
孟德斯鸠
受其批评
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
依据: AI 草稿
孟德斯鸠 › 1689–1755
让-雅克·卢梭 影响了
影响了
In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau praised Hobbes as the only Christian author who dared to reunite the ‘two heads of the eagle’, state and church. J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), “De la religion civile”; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Rousseau objected that Hobbes gave natural man the passions of social man and overlooked natural pity (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, 1755, Part I). J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), Part I; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
显示全部 (10)收起
凯瑟琳·麦考利
受其批评
Macaulay’s Loose Remarks on Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government (1767) rejected his case for absolute sovereignty and appended a sketch of a democratic constitution. C. Macaulay, Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be Found in Mr. Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society (1767); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
依据: AI 草稿
凯瑟琳·麦考利 › 1731–1791
玛丽·米奇利
受其批评
Midgley used ethology against Hobbes’s picture of humans as natural egoists: sociability and care are as much part of evolved human nature as competition (Beast and Man, 1978). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene (2010)
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽·米奇利 › 1919–2018
卡罗尔·佩特曼
受其批评
Pateman held that Hobbes grants women natural equality and mothers original dominion, yet his civil order rests on their subjection by conquest and contract (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); “‘God Hath Ordained to Man a Helper’: Hobbes, Patriarchy and Conjugal Right”, British Journal of Political Science 19 (1989)
依据: AI 草稿
卡罗尔·佩特曼 › 1940年生
查尔斯·W. 米尔斯
受其批评
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·W. 米尔斯 › 1951–2021
批评了 2
亚里士多德
批评了
Hobbes wrote that scarcely anything is more absurd than Aristotle’s Metaphysics or more repugnant to government than his Politics, attacking ‘separated essences’ (Leviathan, 1651, ch. 46). T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 46
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
勒内·笛卡尔
批评了
Hobbes argued that a thinking thing might be corporeal and that we have no idea of God or of the soul in Descartes’ sense (Third Objections, 1641). Descartes, Meditationes (1641), Third Objections and Replies (AT VII 171–196)
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
作品
- 1651利维坦
走出所有人对所有人的战争的唯一出路：订立契约，创造一个绝对的主权者。
立场
Hobbes wanted to build political philosophy on the model of geometry and mechanics. Human beings are bodies in motion, driven by desire and above all by fear of violent death. Without a common power, life would be a war of all against all – “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”. Reason therefore leads people to a social contract in which they transfer their rights to a sovereign, the Leviathan, whose power must be undivided to guarantee peace. Hobbes grounded the state not on divine right but on the consent and interest of individuals. He thereby founded modern contract theory, with which Locke, Rousseau and Kant all argued.
生平与背景
Born in Malmesbury in 1588, Hobbes studied at Oxford and spent much of his life as tutor and secretary to the Cavendish family. On his travels he met Galileo and the circle of Mersenne in Paris. Fearing the coming civil war, he fled to France in 1640, where he tutored the future Charles II. Back in England from 1651, he lived on, much disputed, until 1679.
其他主要作品
- The Elements of Law (1640)
- On the Citizen (De Cive) (1642)
- Leviathan (1651)
- On Body (De Corpore) (1655)
- Behemoth (c. 1668)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘什么是正义？’ · 第 3 站，共 10 站
- 争论 ‘我们自由吗？神经科学时代的自由意志’
- 争论 ‘战争与和平：武力何时正当？’
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