尼古拉·马勒伯朗士
被造之物实际上不能引起任何东西；每一次都唯有上帝在起作用，而我们是通过在上帝之中看见观念来认识世界的。
定位
偶因论：我们在上帝之中看见一切事物。
核心思想
- 偶因论
- 在上帝之中观看
影响
受影响于 2
勒内·笛卡尔
受其影响 ✓
Reading Descartes’ Treatise on Man in 1664 turned Malebranche to philosophy; The Search after Truth (1674–75) keeps Cartesian dualism and extension as the essence of matter. N. Malebranche, De la recherche de la vérité (1674–75); SEP “Nicolas Malebranche”
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
影响了 4
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
影响了 ✓
Leibniz, who met Malebranche in Paris in 1675, agreed that created substances do not act on one another, but replaced occasional causes by pre-established harmony (New System, 1695). G. W. Leibniz, Système nouveau de la nature (Journal des savants, 1695); M. R. Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (2009); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
玛丽·阿斯特尔
影响了
In Letters concerning the Love of God (1695), exchanged with John Norris, Astell took up Malebranche’s view that God, as sole cause of our pleasures, alone deserves love. M. Astell and J. Norris, Letters concerning the Love of God (1695); SEP “Mary Astell”
依据: AI 草稿
玛丽·阿斯特尔 › 1666–1731
乔治·贝克莱
影响了 ✓
Like Malebranche, Berkeley made God the cause of our ideas of sense, but in the Three Dialogues (1713) he distinguished his view from seeing all things in God. G. Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713); Philosophical Commentaries (1707–08); SEP “George Berkeley”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
乔治·贝克莱 › 1685–1753
大卫·休谟
影响了
Hume took Malebranche’s argument that no necessary connection between finite causes and effects is perceived, but rejected his conclusion that God is the only true cause (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the idea of necessary connexion”; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748); SEP “David Hume”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
批评
相互批评 1
安托万·阿尔诺 ⇄ 相互
批评了
Malebranche answered Arnauld’s attack in his Réponse (1684) and later letters, defending ideas as objects in God distinct from mental modifications, against Arnauld’s view of ideas as perceptions. N. Malebranche, Réponse au livre Des vraies et des fausses idées (1684); Trois lettres (1685); SEP “Nicolas Malebranche”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Arnauld argued against Malebranche’s vision in God that ideas are the mind’s own perceptions, not representative entities in God (On True and False Ideas, 1683). A. Arnauld, Des vraies et des fausses idées (1683); SEP “Antoine Arnauld”
依据: AI 草稿
安托万·阿尔诺 › 1612–1694
受批评于 2
达玛丽斯·马沙姆
受其批评
Masham rejected the view of Malebranche, taken up by Norris, that God alone causes our pleasures and so alone deserves love (Discourse concerning the Love of God, 1696). D. Masham, A Discourse concerning the Love of God (1696); SEP “Damaris Cudworth Masham”
依据: AI 草稿
达玛丽斯·马沙姆 › 1659–1708
伊曼努尔·康德
受其批评
Kant counted Malebranche’s continuing intuition of God among the deus ex machina answers to how concepts fit objects – ‘the greatest absurdity’ (letter to Marcus Herz, 1772). I. Kant, letter to Marcus Herz, 21 February 1772 (AA X 129–135)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
批评了 1
朱熹
批评了
Malebranche’s Dialogue between a Christian Philosopher and a Chinese Philosopher (1708) attacks the Neo-Confucian li, as systematised by Zhu Xi and known to him from missionary reports, as an impersonal principle that confuses God with matter – in his eyes close to Spinoza. N. Malebranche, Entretien d’un philosophe chrétien et d’un philosophe chinois sur l’existence et la nature de Dieu (1708); D. E. Mungello, “Malebranche and Chinese Philosophy”, Journal of the History of Ideas 41 (1980)
依据: AI 草稿
朱熹 › 1130–1200
作品
- 1674真理的探求
心灵中错误的来源——我们在上帝之中看见万物。
立场
Malebranche united Cartesian philosophy with Augustine’s theology. If mind and body are completely different substances, he asked, how can one act on the other? His answer was occasionalism: no created thing has real causal power; God alone acts, and creaturely events are merely the “occasions” on which he acts according to general laws. Likewise we do not perceive things through ideas in our own minds but see all things in God, in whom the ideas reside. God acts through simple general laws rather than particular wills, which also explains the existence of evil. His views influenced Berkeley, and his analysis of causation prepared the ground for Hume.
生平与背景
Born in Paris in 1638, Nicolas Malebranche joined the Oratory, a congregation of priests, in 1660. Reading Descartes’s Treatise on Man in 1664 made him turn to philosophy. He spent the rest of his life in Paris writing and in lively controversies, above all with Antoine Arnauld, and corresponded with Leibniz. He died in 1715.
其他主要作品
- The Search after Truth (1674)
- Treatise on Nature and Grace (1680)
- Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion (1688)
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